Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction to Practical Nursing

A. Describe the preparation and scope of practice of various levels of nursing and role of the practical nurse.

B. Relate the JCCC core values to the nursing role in practice.

C. Identify the effective use of delegation in meeting the basic needs of clients.

D. Discuss the role of boards of nursing in promoting nursing competence and professional conduct.

E. Analyze the various components of the Kansas Nurse Practice Act.

F. Distinguish between the functions of boards of nursing and professional organizations.

G. Distinguish between Kansas Nurse Practice Act and Clinical Settings’ policies and procedures.

II. Fostering Communication

A. The Nurse-Client Relationship.

1. Describe essential aspects of communication and the communication process

2. Identify the phases of the nurse-client relationship

3. Distinguish between social and therapeutic verbal communication

4. Provide examples of therapeutic and nontherapeutic communication techniques

5. Differentiate between verbal and nonverbal communication

6. Describe barriers to effective communication

7. Describe the importance of maintaining appropriate boundaries in the nurse-client relationship

8. Demonstrate therapeutic communication techniques

B. Client Teaching.

1. Identify the role of the LPN in client teaching

2. Discuss learning theories and three domains of learning encountered in nursing practice

3. Identify factors that facilitate and/or inhibit learning

4. Use appropriate techniques to reinforce client education

C. Documentation of Nursing Care.

1. Relate the purpose of client records

2. Identify essential guidelines for reporting chart data

3. Relate measures used to ensure client confidentiality

4. Compare and contrast documentation systems.

III. The Nursing Process

A. Critical Thinking.

1. Explain the how nurses use critical thinking in all phases of the nursing process

2. Discuss the relationship between critical thinking and nursing process

3. Write a beginning nursing care plan

B. Components of Nursing Process.

1. Assessment

a. Differentiate between subjective and objective data

b. Explain the importance of establishing a complete and valid database in this phase of the nursing process

2. Diagnosis

a. Describe what is meant by the term “patient problem”

b. Discuss the steps utilized to formulate a nursing diagnosis

3. Planning

a. Describe the development of client-centered outcomes

b. Discuss the creation of nursing orders

4. Implementation

a. Discuss nursing activities necessary during the phase of the nursing process

b. Follow established guidelines for successful implementation of the nursing care plan

c. Follow established guidelines in implementing a teaching plan

5. Evaluation

a. State the importance and purpose of evaluation in the nursing process

b. Describe the process of evaluating client progress toward outcome achievement

c. Explain how nurses use critical thinking in the evaluation phase of the nursing process

IV. Legal and Ethical Concepts in Health Care

A. Types of Legal Actions.

1. Differentiate between civil and criminal actions

2. Identify six types of law

3. Discuss how the terms abandonment, assault, battery, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy, defamation, negligence and malpractice relate to nursing practice

B. Regulations and Standards of Nursing Practice.

1. Define standards of practice

2. Identify the use of the Nurse Practice Act in the legal process

3. Explain how standards of care, agency policies and nurse practice acts affect the practice of nursing

C. Nursing Responsibilities and Protections.

1. Analyze the relationship between accountability and liability for one’s action in nursing practice

2. Describe the Good Samaritan Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act

3. Discuss ways to minimize one’s chances of liability, including the rationale for obtaining one’s own malpractice insurance

4. Describe the purpose and essential elements of Informed Consent

5. List the essential components of an incident report

6. Describe the role and legal responsibilities related to advanced directives, a durable power of attorney for healthcare decisions and the Patients Bill of Rights

7. Discern the nurse’s use of discretion in order to safeguard the client’s personal health information

D. Ethical Issues

1. Analyze the relationship between ethics and morality in nursing practice

2. Apply the ethical decision-making process to specific ethical issues encountered in nursing practice.

V. Standards of Care Related to Biological, Cultural, Spiritual and Psycho-Social Needs of Clients Throughout the Life Span

A. Developmental, Cultural, Psycho-Social Aspects.

1. Identify basic needs according to Maslow

2. Explain how culture and spirituality impact client care

3. Provide examples of religious beliefs that affect healthcare

4. Compare and contrast the major religions in the United States and Canada

5. Explain the impact of culture on the nurse-client relationship

6. Identify the importance of transcultural nursing

7. Explain how effective coping mechanisms help people to adapt to stress

8. Discuss the use of the nursing process when caring for culturally diverse clients

B. Loss, Grief and Dying.

1. Define grief, loss and dying

2. Discuss common responses in grief, loss and dying

3. Identify the influence of culture and personal experience on an individual’s response to grief, loss and dying

4. Identify ethical/legal issues concerning death

5. Describe the goals for hospice and respite care

6. Describe nursing care of the body after death.

VI. Basic Principles of Client Assessment

A. Discuss the LPN’s role in physical assessment.

B. Identify four types of physical assessment.

C. Demonstrate the four basic methods of physical assessment.

D. Identify normal and abnormal findings of a basic head-to-toe physical assessment.

E. Perform a basic head-to-toe assessment.

VII. Documentation of Assessments, Interventions and Progress Toward Client Outcomes

A. Discuss reasons for keeping client records.

B. Correlate the nursing process with the process of charting.

C. Discuss guidelines for recording that meet legal and ethical standards.

D. Compare and contrast different documentation systems.

E. Explain the purpose and applications associated with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

F. Relate the criterion for legally defensible charting, including the correct way to correct entries that were made in error.

VIII. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Nutrition and Hydration of Clients Throughout the Life Span

A. Identify essential nutrients and dietary sources of each.

B. Identify the essential nutritional and hydration needs for clients across the lifespan.

C. Explain the essential aspects of energy balance.

D. Plan nursing interventions for resolving barriers to adequate nutrition and hydration.

E. Explain the role of cultural, economic, emotional and social preferences on the food choices and eating patterns of clients.

F. Use the nursing process to identify nutrition and hydration needs.

G. Demonstrate techniques for assisting and or feeding clients and providing fluids.

H. Demonstrate alternate methods for providing nutrition and hydration.

I. Provide rationale for consulting facility policies prior to feeding procedure.

J. Apply the nursing process to the care of clients and fluid and electrolyte imbalance or acid-base balance.

IX. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Exercise and Activity of Clients Throughout the Life Span

A. Describe basic elements of normal movements.

B. Identify factors that interfere with fitness.

C. Differentiate between active exercise and passive exercise.

D. Demonstrate proper ergonomics, alignment and position changes for the client and the nurse.

E. Demonstrate proper use of assistive devices with clients and staff members.

F. Demonstrate safe transfer techniques for clients with altered mobility.

G. Use the nursing process to determine the client’s need for assistance with activity and exercise.

H. Explain how to assist older adults in meeting their needs for physical activity.

X. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Comfort and Sleep Throughout the Lifespan

A. Rest, Comfort, and Sleep.

1. Differentiate between rest, comfort, and sleep

2. Describe the two phases of sleep and their differences

3. Identify barriers to sleep

4. Use the nursing process to promote rest, comfort and sleep

B. Standards of Nursing Care for the Client in Pain.

1. Describe the physiology of pain

2. Contrast the types of pain

3. Examine factors that affect clients’ responses to pain across the lifespan

4. Discuss the use of a pain assessment scale as a guide to managing pain experienced by the client

5. Relate the use of non-pharmacological pain control interventions

6. Use the nursing process in care of clients across the life span.

XI. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Elimination Needs of Clients Across the Lifespan

A. Nursing Care Related to Urinary Elimination of the Client.

1. Identify factors that commonly influence urinary elimination

2. Use the nursing process to investigate common alterations in urine production and elimination

3. Verbalize the nursing implications of diagnostic tests used to evaluate the urinary system

4. Demonstrate the procedures and or equipment used to facilitate bladder functions

5. Use the nursing process to promote normal bladder function with clients across the lifespan

B. Nursing Care Related to Bowel Elimination.

1. Identify factors that commonly influence bowel elimination

2. Use the nursing process to investigate common alterations in bowel function

3. Explain how to collect stool specimens and test for occult blood

4. Identify ways to promote bowel function

5. Use the nursing process to manage the care of a client an illeostomy or with a colostomy

6. Explain how to administer large-volume and small-volume enemas

7. Use the nursing process to promote bowel functions with clients across the life span.

XII. Standards of Care Related to Hygiene of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Discuss factors that influence individual hygienic practices.

B. Compare the various types of cleaning and therapeutic baths.

C. Identify teaching needs of clients to promote personal hygiene.

D. Use the nursing process in meeting the hygienic needs of clients.

XIII. Standards of Care Related to Safety of Clients Across the Lifespan

A. Recognize personal responsibilities in the event of a fire, tornado or other type of disaster in a clinical setting.

B. Discuss principles of electrical, chemical and biological safety in the heath care environment.

C. Identify the common types of injury for each developmental stage across the lifespan.

D. Explain nursing measures to protect clients from accidents, errors and injuries.

E. Identify methods to provide client safety including bed alarms, ID bands and call lights.

F. Use the nursing process to identify potential risks to client safety.

G. Demonstrates use of identification procedures prior to nursing interventions.

H. Using the nursing process, develop a teaching plan to promote safety in the client’s home.

I. Demonstrate safe use of equipment used in client care.

J. Demonstrate proper use of restraints and safety devices for clients.

K. Explain the proper use of asepsis and standard precautions in nursing interventions.

L. Provides rationale for utilizing facility policies and procedures to handle hazardous and/or infectious materials.

XIV. Standards of Care Related to Oxygenation of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Describe the structure and function of the respiratory system.

B. Explain the difference between ventilation and respiration.

C. Identify factors in influencing respiration and circulatory function.

D. Describe structure and function of the cardiovascular system.

E. Describe nursing measures to promote cardio-respiratory function and oxygenation.

F. Explain the use of therapeutic measures such as artificial airways, medications, oxygen therapy, inhalation therapy pharyngeal suction and chest drainage to promote cardio-respiratory function and oxygenation.

G. Demonstrate safety precautions needed with oxygen usage.

H. Develop a teaching plan for a client to promote maximum oxygenation.

I. Use the nursing process to promote oxygenation of clients across the lifespan.

XV. Standards of Care Related to Safe Medication Administration

A. Relate the importance of drug standards.

B. Explain the significance of legal aspects of drug administration.

C. Discuss the effects of drugs.

D. Explain the four types of names given to each drug.

E. Describe the processes of pharmacokinetics.

F. Identify how pharmacodynamics affects drug action.

G. List the essential steps to follow when administering medication.

H. Demonstrate proficiency in calculation of medication dosages.

I. Demonstrate medication administration techniques in all forms.

J. Describe the 6 rights of medication administration.

K. Demonstrate how to assess a client’s IV site, flow rate and fluid intake.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Professional Behavior

A. Maintain professional confidentiality.

B. Dress appropriately.

C. Call if absent or tardy.

D. Prepare for clinical with equipment and materials.

E. Show respect for others.

F. Participate as a team member.

G. Practice within the Practical Nurse Scope of Practice.

H. Participate in student/professional organizations.

I. Apply legal and ethical concepts in the healthcare setting.

II. Communication Skills

A. Report changes in client condition.

B. Give a report prior to leaving client area.

C. Use appropriate medical terminology.

D. Show respect and collaboration with the interdisciplinary team.

E. Follow legal guidelines when recording in medical records.

F. Develop rapport with clients.

G. Use therapeutic communication techniques.

H. Use appropriate techniques to reinforce client education.

III. Utilize the Nursing Process to Deliver Safe Nursing Care

A. Perform a nursing head-to-toe assessment.

B. Perform aspects of client's physical exam including inspection, auscultation, palpation and percussion.

C. Identify subjective assessment data.

D. Identify objective assessment data.

E. Select a nursing diagnosis based on assessment data.

F. Develop a plan of care based on assessment data and nursing diagnosis.

G. Implement the plan of care.

H. Communicate rationale for the plan of care developed.

I. Evaluate the plan of care.

J. Modify the plan of care.

IV. Biological, Cultural, Spiritual and Psychosocial Principles When Caring for a Client Throughout the Lifespan.

A. Provide biological response to illness or therapeutic treatments.

B. Respond to the psychosocial needs of the client.

C. Respond to the influence of spiritual beliefs.

D. Respond to the cultural needs of the client.

V. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Safety of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Identify the safety procedures for facilities (fire, tornado, intruder).

B. Identify the potential safety hazards to protect clients from accidents, errors and injury.

C. Identify client safety methods: bed alarms, ID bands, call lights.

D. Use the nursing process to identify potential risk to client safety.

E. Use identification procedures prior to nursing intervention.

F. Use the facility policies and procedures to handle hazardous and/or infectious materials.

G. Use the nursing process to promote safety in the client's home.

H. Identify nurse's role as part of the internal/external disaster plan team.

I. Use proper asepsis standard precautions in nursing interventions.

J. Safely use equipment for client care.

K. Properly use client restraints and safety devices.

VI. Demonstrate the Standards of Nursing Care Related to Nutrition and Hydration of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Identify calorie, nutrient and hydration needs across the lifespan.

B. Identify the barriers to adequate nutrition and hydration.

C. Identify ways to enhance nutrition and hydration status.

D. Identify cultural and/or religious practices which affect nutrition and hydration.

E. Identify alternate methods of providing nutrition and hydration.

F. Use the nursing process to identify nutrition and hydration needs.

G. Identify safe techniques to assist with feeding and provide fluids.

H. Identify S/S of hydration imbalance including acid-base and electrolytes.

VII. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Exercise and Activity of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Apply proper ergonomics, alignment, and position changes for clients and self.

B. Apply safe transfer techniques for clients with altered mobility.

C. Apply the nursing process for the client with exercise and activity needs.

VIII. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Comfort and Sleep of Clients throughout the Lifespan

A. Use the nursing process to identify need for client comfort and sleep.

B. Identify the nursing interventions for pain (biofeedback, guided imagery, distraction, complementary principles).

C. Describe evaluation methods to determine effectiveness of interventions for comfort and sleep.

D. Identify the barriers to client's usual sleep.

E. Identify the nursing interventions to promote sleep.

IX. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Elimination Needs of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Identify the factors to promote bowel and bladder function.

B. Identify the barriers to normal bowel and bladder function (ostomy).

C. Use the nursing process to identify signs and symptoms of altered bowel and bladder function.

D. Identify procedures and/or equipment used to facilitate bladder and bowel function.

E. Evaluate the interventions to restore normal bladder and bowel function.

X. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Hygiene of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Use the nursing process to identify client's need for hygiene.

B. Teach about methods to provide personal hygiene.

C. Provide teaching needs to promote client hygiene.

XI. Standards of Nursing Care Related to Oxygenation of Clients Throughout the Lifespan

A. Use the nursing process to identify the need for client oxygenation.

B. Identify interventions to improve oxygenation.

C. Identify methods of oxygen supplementation.

D. Describe the evaluation methods to determine effectiveness of interventions for oxygenation.

E. Identify the teaching needed to maintain optimum oxygenation.

F. Use the safety precautions needed with oxygen usage.

G. Apply the standards of nursing care related to oxygenation of clients throughout the lifespan in a clinical setting.

XII. Safe Medication Administration

A. Demonstrate accurate drug dosage calculation.

B. Apply the six rights of medication administration and the three

medication check rule when providing client medication.

C. Assess client's IV site, flow rate and fluid intake.

D. Review the chart regularly for medication changes.

Content Outline and Competencies:

   Unit I. Standards of Care for Clients with Common Alterations of the Respiratory System

           A. Disorders of the Upper Respiratory System

              1. Describe the pathophysiology of the common disorders of the upper respiratory system.

              2. Integrate the laboratory diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into care of the client with common disorders of the upper respiratory system.

              3. Explain the nursing implications for medications and treatments used for upper respiratory disorders.

              4. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with common disorders of the upper respiratory system.

              5. Use the nursing process to provide care for clients with common disorders of the upper respiratory system.

              6. Use the nursing process to provide nursing care for clients having surgery of the upper respiratory system.

           B. Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System

              1. Describe the pathology of the common alterations in the lower respiratory system.

              2. Integrate the laboratory diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into care of the client with common alterations in the lower respiratory system.

              3. Explain the nursing implications for medications and treatments used for lower respiratory disorders.

              4. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with common alterations in the lower respiratory system.

              5. Use the nursing process to provide care for clients with common alterations in the lower respiratory system.

  Unit II. Standards of Care for Clients with Common Alterations of the Cardiovascular System

           A. Coronary Heart Disease and Dysrhythmia

              1. Describe the causes, pathophysiology, and manifestations of coronary heart disease and cardiac-dysrhythmias.

              2. Integrate the laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with coronary heart disease and dysrhythmias.

              3. Discuss nursing implications for medication commonly prescribed for clients with coronary heart disease and dysrhythmias.

              4. Discuss the nursing care for clients undergoing invasive cardiac procedures.

              5. Reinforce appropriate teaching, including nutritional implications for clients with coronary heart disease and dysrhythmias.

              6. Use the nursing process to contribute to care planning and to provide individualized care for clients with coronary heart disease and dysrhythmias.

           B. Disorders of Cardiac Function and Structure

              1. Compare and contrast the causes, pathophysiologic effects and manifestations of common cardiac disorders.

              2. Integrate the laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with disorders of cardiac function and structure.

              3. Discuss nursing implications for medication commonly prescribed for clients with disorders of cardiac function and structure.

              4. Discuss the nursing care for clients undergoing invasive procedures.

              5. Reinforce appropriate teaching, including nutritional implications for clients with disorders of cardiac function and structure.

              6. Use the nursing process to contribute to care planning and to provide individualized care for clients with disorders of cardiac function and structure.

           C. Peripheral Vascular Disorders

              1. Compare and contrast the causes, pathophysiologic effects and manifestations of peripheral vascular disorders.

              2. Integrate the laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with peripheral vascular disorders.

              3. Discuss nursing implications for medication commonly prescribed for clients with peripheral vascular disorders.     

              4. Discuss the nursing care for clients undergoing invasive procedures related to peripheral vascular disease.

              5. Reinforce appropriate teaching, including nutritional implications for clients with peripheral vascular disorders.

              6. Use the nursing process to contribute to care planning and to provide individualized care for clients with peripheral vascular disorders.

 Unit III. Standards of Care for Clients with Common Alterations of the Hematologic and Lymphatic System

           A. Common Hematological and Lymphatic Disorders

              1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of the common hematological and lymphatic disorders.

              2. Integrate the laboratory diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into care of the client with common hematological and lymphatic disorders.

              3. Explain the nursing implications for medications and treatments used for common hematologic and lymphatic disorders.

              4. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with common hematologic and lymphatic disorders.

              5. Use the nursing process to provide care for clients with common hematologic and lymphatic disorders.

 Unit IV. Standards of Care for Clients with Common Alterations of the

Endocrine System

           A. Disorders of the Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal

Glands and the Adrenal Medulla

              1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations for disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and the adrenal medulla.

              2. Integrate the laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of the client with disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and the adrenal medulla.

              3. Identify treatments, including medications used for disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and the adrenal medulla.

              4. Relate the nutritional implication for clients with disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and the adrenal medulla.

              5. Use the nursing process to contribute to care planning and to provide individualized care for clients with disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and the adrenal medulla.

           B. Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia

              1. Define diabetes mellitus and explain the pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

              2. Identify the diagnostic tests used to diagnose and monitor the management of Diabetes Mellitus.

              3. Relate the balance between nutritional intake, daily expenditure of energy, dosing, and timing of medications used to treat Diabetes Mellitus.

              4. Reinforce teaching for clients with Diabetes Mellitus.

              5. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with Diabetes Mellitus.

              6. Compare and contrast hypoglycemia related to Diabetes

Mellitus to reactive hypoglycemia.

   Unit V. Standards of Care for Clients with common Alterations of the

Integumentary System

           A. Common Alterations of the Integumentary System

              1. Compare and contrast the pathophysiology, manifestations and care of clients with common skin disorders, infections and infestations,  malignant skin disorders and pressure ulcers.

              2. Integrate the laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of the client with common alterations of the integumentary system.

              3. Discuss nursing implications for medication commonly prescribed for clients with common alterations of the integumentary system.

              4. Reinforce appropriate teaching, including nutritional implications, for clients with common alterations of the integumentary system.

              5. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with common alterations of the integumentary system.

  Unit VI. Standards of Care Related to Common Alterations of the Sensory System

           A. Disorders of the Eye

              1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common eye disorders.

              2. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with disorders of the eye.

              3. Describe the nursing implications for medications used to treat disorders of the eye.

              4. Illustrate the nursing care of a client having eye surgery.

              5. Reinforce teaching for clients with disorders of the eye.

              6. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with disorders of the eye.

           C. Disorders of the Ear

              1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common ear disorders.

              2. Integrate laboratory data diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with disorders of the ear.

              3. Describe the nursing implications for medications used to treat disorders of the ear.

              4. Illustrate the nursing care of a client having ear surgery.

              5. Reinforce teaching for clients with disorders of the ear.

              6. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with disorders of the ear.

 Unit VII. Standards of Care Related to the Care of Clients with Common Alterations of the Musculoskeletal System

           A. Musculoskeletal Trauma

              1. Describe risk factors for and mechanisms of musculoskeletal trauma.

              2. Compare and contrast the types of fractures.

              3. Compare and contrast the nursing care for clients with skin and skeletal traction.

              4. Compare and contrast the common types of casts.

              5. Discuss common complications of fractures, manifestations and preventative nursing measures.

              6. Discuss the grief and loss of body image experienced by clients who undergo amputation of a body part.

              7. Discuss common complications of amputations and preventative nursing care.

              8. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients and musculoskeletal trauma.

           B. Connective Tissue Disorders

              1. Describe the characteristics of common connective tissue disorders.

              2. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic tests, information and pertinent pathophysiology into the nursing care of clients with connective tissue disorders.

              3. Discuss the nursing implications for medications used to treat connective tissue disorders.

              4. Reinforce teaching for clients with connective tissue disorders.

              5. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with connective tissue disorders.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Nursing Care within the Scope of the Ethical and Legal Responsibilities of Practical Nursing

A. Exhibiting professional behavior.

B. Arriving promptly to the healthcare site.

C. Following the dress code as stated in policy handbook.

D. Being prepared for client care.

E. Protecting client confidentiality.

F. Displaying accountability for actions.

G. Using constructive suggestions.

H. Seeking assistance when appropriate.

I. Notifying instructor when absent.

J. Recognizing own level of nursing preparation.

II. Basic Human Needs Across Life Span for Health Promotion and Maintenance, or when Biological, Spiritual, Cultural and Psychosocial Needs Are Not Being Met.

A. Using appropriate assessment techniques to gather data.

B. Referring to medical records to gather data.

C. Identifying patterns in client data.

D. Assisting in the development of a nursing diagnosis and goals.

E. Recognizing clients as unique individuals.

F. Assist in the planning of individual nursing care using critical thinking and evidence-based practice.

G. Evaluate the nursing plan of care and revising as needed.

III. Safe and Skillful Therapeutic Care in Simple Nursing Situations Based on Knowledge of Biological, Cultural, Spiritual and Psychosocial Needs of the Individual Throughout the Life Span

A. Provide care based on biological needs of client.

B. Provide care based on cultural needs of client.

C. Provide care based on spiritual needs of client.

D. Provide care based on psychosocial needs of client.

E. Provide care within the safety guidelines of the healthcare institution.

F. Choose appropriate equipment for client care.

G. Administer medications safely.

H. Recognize emergency situations.

I. Perform level-appropriate technical skills in administering safe nursing care.

IV. Effective Interpersonal Relationships with the Client, the Client’s Family and Members of the Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team

A. Apply communication techniques with clients.

B. Establish rapport and trust with clients.

C. Use communication techniques with healthcare team members.

D. Apply communication techniques with client’s family or significant others.

V. Responsibilities of the Practical Nurse as an Individual Who Collaborates Within the Global Healthcare System and the Community:

A. Recognize responsibility for personal and professional behaviors and growth.

B. Present clear, accurate and objective documentation of client activities and nursing interventions.

C. Identify own values, beliefs and cultural practices and how they influence the care of others.

D. Identify roles and functions of healthcare team members.

E. Demonstrate organization.

F. Demonstrate time-management skills.

Content Outline and Competencies:

   I. The student will identify basic pharmacologic terms,
abbreviations and symbols related to medication management:
      A. Define selected terms related to medication administration.
      B. Recognize abbreviations commonly used in medication orders.
      C. Describe the source and types of drugs.
      D. List the generic and trade names for medications.
      E. Explain the meaning of the term “controlled substance.”

  II. The student will examine federal laws and regulations as they relate
to the use of medications in clinical practice by:
      A. Discuss the history of U.S. standards, acts and organizations
leading to the requirement that drug safety must be proven before
marketing.
      B. Relate the roles and responsibilities of the branches within the
FDA in overseeing traditional therapeutic drugs, biologics and natural
alternative therapies.
      C. Discuss the current challenges facing the FDA in approving new
drugs for market.
      D. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of prescription and OTC
drugs.

 III. The student will explain pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic
principles of medications by:
      A. Describe the meaning of a drug’s mechanism of action.
      B. Explain the pharmacodynamics factors that influence drug action.
      C. Describe the four primary processes of pharmacokinetics:
         1. Absorption
         2. Distribution
         3. Metabolism
         4. Excretion

  IV. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of ntimicrobial/integumentary medications by:
      A. Describe major symptoms associated with stress and injury to the
skin compared to those associated with the aging process and/or health
status.
      B. Discuss the major actions of the following types of drugs as they
pertain to treatment of skin disorders:
         1. Scabicides
         2. Pediculicides
         3. Topical anesthetics
         4. Antibiotics
         5. Keratolytic agents
         6. Glucocorticoids
         7. Emollients
      C. Identifying designated drug therapies for the following skin
disorders:
         1. Scabies
         2. Pediculus
         3. Sunburn
         4. Insect bites
         5. Skin irritations
         6. Acne
         7. Dermatitis
         8. Psoriasis
      D. Distinguish between topical and systemic medications.
      E. Relate significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
techniques that the nurse needs to perform on patients receiving a drug
used to treat skin disorders.
      F. List nursing diagnoses relative to a patient having a skin
disorder.
      G. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

   V. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of autonomic medications by:
      A. Compare and contrasting the actions of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system.
      B. Identify the significant neurotransmitters of the autonomic
nervous system.
      C. Explaining the mechanism of the drug action for each of the
following classes:
         1. Parasympathomimetics
         2. Anticholinergics
         3. Sympathomimetics
         4. Adrenergic blockers
      D. List nursing diagnoses for a patient receiving autonomic
medications.
      E. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

  VI. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of analgesic medications by:
      A. Compare the uses, actions, adverse reactions, contraindications,
precautions and interactions of nonopioid analgesics–salicylates and
nonsalicylates–to nonopioid analgesics–anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs).
      B. Discuss significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
components related to the NSAIDs, the salicylates and the nonsalicylates.
      C. Compare the uses, actions, adverse reactions, contraindications,
precautions and interactions of the opioid analgesics to the opioid
antagonists.
      D. Discuss significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
components related to the opioid analgesics and to the opioid
antagonists.
      E. Explain nursing diagnoses pertinent to patients taking nonopioid
analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, opioid analgesics and opioid
antagonists.
      F. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

 VII. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of respiratory medications by:
      A. Categorize medications used in the treatment of pulmonary
disorders related to their classifications and mechanisms of action.
      B. Identify representative drugs from the following classes and
relating their mechanisms of drug action on the respiratory system.
         1. Beta-adrenergic agents/sympathomimetics
         2. Glucocorticoids
         3. Anticholinergics
         4. Mast-cell stabilizers
         5. Leukotriene modifiers
         6. Expectorants
         7. Antitussives
         8. Mucolytics
      C. List nursing diagnoses relative to patients taking respiratory
medications.
      D. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

VIII. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of cardiovascular medications by:
      A. Identify the primary mechanisms by which coagulation-modifier
agents perform.
      B. Explain significant medications from the following drug
classifications to primary drug actions and their adverse effects:
         1. Anticoagulants
         2. Antiplatelet agents
         3. Thrombolytics
         4. Hemostatics
      C. Discuss the effects of cardiac output, peripheral resistance and
blood volume relative to blood pressure.
      D. Categorize antihypertensive drugs based on their classification
and mechanism of action related to the classification of hypertension.
      E. Identifying select medications from the following classes
relating their mechanism of drug action, primary actions and important
side effects:
         1. Diuretics
         2. Calcium channel blockers
         3. Renin-angiotensin modifiers
         4. Adrenergic blockers
         5. Direct-acting vasodilators
      F. Categorize heart failure medications based on their
classification and mechanism of action.
      G. Identify selective agents from the following classes and
explaining their mechanism of drug action, primary actions and significant
adverse effects:       
         1. Cardiac glycosides
         2. ACE-inhibitors
         3. Diuretics
         4. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
         5. Vasodilators
         6. Beta-adrenergic blockers
      H. Explain cardiac rhythm abnormalities in relationship to the
pharmacological treatment of dysrhythmias.
      I. Categorize antidysrythmic agents based on their classifications
and mechanisms of action.
      J. Select primary antidysrhythmic drugs from the following classes
and explaining their mechanisms of drug action and significant adverse
effects:
         1. Sodium channel blockers
         2. Beta-adrenergic blockers
         3. Potassium channel blockers
         4. Calcium channel blockers
         5. Miscellaneous antidysrhythmic drugs
      K. Explain the pathophysiology of angina in relationship to the
pharmacological treatment of angina.
      L. Select primary antianginal agents from the following classes and
explaining the mechanisms of their drug action and significant adverse
effects as they relate to the treatment of angina:
         1. Organic nitrates
         2. Beta-adrenergic blockers
         3. Calcium channel blockers
      M. Explain the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction in
relationship to the pharmacological treatment of myocardial infarction.
      N. Select primary drugs for the treatment of myocardial infarction
from the following drug classes in relationship to their drug action and
significant adverse effects:
         1. Thrombolytics
         2. Beta-adrenergic blockers
         3. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs
         4. Analgesics
      O. Explain the pharmacological treatment of cerebrovascular accident
(CVA) – “brain attack.”
      P. Discuss significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
components by the nurse on patients taking cardiac medications.
      Q. Relate nursing diagnoses to patients taking particular cardiac
agents.
      R. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

  IX. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of renal medications by:
      A. Compare and contrast the three major classes of diuretics.
      B. Discuss the pharmacotherapy of sodium and potassium imbalances.
      C. Identify selected drugs from the following classes and explaining
the mechanisms of drug action and significant adverse effects:
         1. Loop diuretics
         2. Thiazide diuretics
         3. Potassium-spar diuretics
      D. Describe pertinent preadmission and ongoing assessment techniques
that the nurse needs to perform on patients receiving a drug used to treat
renal disorders.
      E. List nursing diagnoses relative to a patient having a renal
disorder.
      F. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

   X. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of gastrointestinal medications by:
      A. Identify common causes, signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer
disease and the primary classes of agents used to treat peptic ulcer
disease and GERD.
      B. Explain why two or more antibiotics are used simultaneously in
the treatment of H. pylori.
      C. Identify the major classes of laxatives.
      D. Explain conditions when the treatment of constipation is
warranted.
      E. Discuss the conditions when the drug treatment of diarrhea is
warranted.
      F. Select primary drugs from the following classes and explaining
their mechanism of drug action and significant adverse reactions:
         1. H2 - receptor blockers
         2. Proton - pump inhibitors
         3. Antacids
         4. Antibiotics for H. pylori
         5. Laxatives
         6. Antidiarrheals
         7. Anorexiants
         8. Pancreatic enzyme replacements
      G. Categorize agents used in the treatment of digestive system
disorders based on their classifications and mechanisms of action.
      H. Discuss significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
components by the nurse on patients taking gastrointestinal agents.
      I. Relate nursing diagnoses to patients having a particular
gastrointestinal disorder.
      J. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

  XI. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of central nervous system medications by:
      A. Explain the neurochemical basics for degenerative diseases of the
CNS in relationship to the neurotransmitters of the brain.
      B. Discuss the drug classes and selective agents in relationship to
their actions and significant adverse effects.
      C. Explain the goals of pharmacotherapy in relationship to
Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and
epilepsy, and the agents used in the treatment of degenerative diseases
based on their classification and drug action.
      D. Discuss significant preadmission and ongoing assessment
components by the nurse on patients taking central nervous system
medications.
      E. Relate nursing diagnoses to patients taking particular central
nervous agents.
      F. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

 XII. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of endocrine system medications by:
      A. Explain the signs, symptoms and treatment of type 1 and type 2
diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Addison’s disease
and Cushing’s syndrome.
      B. Identify selective agents from the following drug classes in
relationship to the mechanism of drug action and significant adverse
effects:
         1. Insulin
         2. Oral hypoglycemic agents
         3. Thyroid hormone
         4. Antithyroid agents
         5. Glucocortocoids
         6. Growth hormone
         7. Antidiuretic hormone
      C. Compare the five types of insulin and the signs and symptoms of
hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
      D. Discuss significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
components by the nurse on patients taking endocrine medications.
      E. Relate nursing diagnoses to patients taking particular endocrine
agents.
      F. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

XIII. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of immunological system medications by:
      A. Identify typical signs and symptoms of inflammation and the role
of histamine in inflammation.
      B. Compare and contrasting the humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses.
      C. Differentiate between H1 and H2 histamine receptors.
      D. Describe common causes and symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
      E. Describe selective agents from the following classes relative to
their mechanism of actions related to inflammation and/or to the immune
system and pertinent adverse effects:
         1. H1 receptor blockers
         2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
         3. Intranasal and systemic glucocorticoids
         4. Intranasal and oral sympathomimetics
         5. Immunosuppressants
         6. Vaccines
         7. Biologic response modifiers
      F. Review major vaccines and their recommended time frame schedule.
      G. Categorize the classifications and mechanisms of action in the
agents utilized in the treatment of inflammation, allergies and immune
disorders.
      H. Relate significant preadministration and ongoing assessment
techniques that the nurse needs to perform on patients receiving drugs
used to treat immunological disorders.
      I. List nursing diagnoses relative to patients having an
immunological disorder.
      J. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

 XIV. The student will apply the components of the nursing process to the
administration of hematologic medications by:
      A. Categorize anticancer agents and antiretroviral agents based on
their classifications and mechanisms of action.
      B. Explain the purpose of multiple drugs and special dosing
schedules relative to their effectiveness of chemotherapy.
      C. Compare selective agents from the following classes in relation
to their mechanisms of drug actions and the significant adverse effects:
         1. Alkylating agents
         2. Antimetabolites
         3. Antitumor antibiotics
         4. Hormones and hormone antagonists
         5. Plant extracts/natural products
         6. Biological response modifiers and miscellaneous drugs for cancer
patients
         7. Antiretroviral agents
      D. Relate significant readministration and ongoing assessment
techniques that the nurse needs to perform on patients receiving a drug
used to treat viral and cancer disorders.
      E. List nursing diagnoses relative to a patient having a viral or
cancer disorder.
      F. Discuss the role of complementary and alternative medicine in
promoting patient wellness.

  XV. Psychotherapeutic Drug Therapy
      A. Antidepressant medications
         1. Identify the 4 groups of antidepressant drugs.
         2. Discuss the uses, general drug actions, life-altering or
life-threatening side effects, contraindications and nursing implications
for safety in drug administration.
         3. List nursing diagnoses and patient teaching particular to
patients taking antidepressant drugs.
      B. Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety drugs)
         1. Identify the 2 groups of anxiolytics commonly prescribed.
         2. Discuss the uses, mechanism of action, life-altering and
life-threatening side effects, contraindications and nursing implications
for safety in administration.
         3. List nursing diagnoses and patient teaching particular to
patients taking anxiolytics.
      C. Stimulants commonly prescribed in mental health
         1. Identify mental health disorders commonly treated with
stimulant drugs.
         2. Discuss mechanism of action, common side effects,
contraindications and nursing implications for safety in administration.
         3. List nursing diagnoses and patient teaching for patients
taking stimulants.
      D. Antimanic medications (mood stabilizing drugs)
         1. Compare and contrast Lithium and anticonvulsants as used in
the treatment of Bipolar Disorder.
         2. Discuss mechanism of action, life-altering and
life-threatening side effects, contraindications and nursing implications
for safety in administration.
         3. Describe laboratory tests commonly ordered and monitored for
patients on mood stabilizing drugs.
         4. List nursing diagnoses and patient teaching particular to
patients taking antimanic drugs.
      E. Neuroleptics (anti-psychotic drugs)
         1. Compare and contrast typical antipsychotic and atypical
antipsychotic drugs as used in the treatment of psychotic disorders.
         2. Explain positive and negative psychotic symptoms.
         3. List off-label uses of antipsychotic drugs.
         4. Discuss mechanism of action, life-altering and
life-threatening adverse reactions, contraindications and nursing
implications for safety in administration.
         5. Discuss the issue of medication noncompliance in patients with
psychotic disorders.
         6. Describe symptomatology and treatment for:
            a. Neuromalignant syndrome
            b. Extrapyramidal syndrome
            c. Anticholinergic side effects
         7. Discuss preadministration and ongoing nursing assessment
activities performed on the client taking antipsychotic medication.
         8. List nursing diagnoses and patient teaching particular to
clients taking antipsychotic drugs.

Content Outline and Competencies:

   Unit I: Standards of Nursing Care for Maternal Clients with Reproductive Needs
           A. Explain the general responsibilities of a PN in managing the client with altered reproductive needs.
           B. Explore the aspects of preventative health care for women.
           C. Describe menstrual disorders and the care.
           D. Identify types of gynecological infections in terms of
cause, transmission, treatment and care.
           E. Explain the process used to screen, diagnose and treat
clients with alterations in the reproductive system.
           F. Describe methods of birth control; including side effects and contraindications.
           G. Discuss the aspects of natural family planning.
           H. Differentiate between primary and secondary infertility.
           I. Integrate pharmacological therapy in the care of clients with alterations in the reproductive system.
           J. Select reading topics to promote health for the client with alterations in the reproductive system (risk factors, nutrition, agency resources).
           K. Utilize the nursing process to care for clients with alterations in the reproductive system
           L. Apply biological, psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural principles of nursing care to the maternal-child client.

  Unit II: Standards of Nursing Care for Healthy Pregnant Women
           A. Conception and fetal development
              1. Discuss the physiology of conception.
              2. Discuss the normal progress of embryonic and fetal development and developmental milestones.
              3. Describe the process of the development of the placenta and placental function during pregnancy.
           B. Antepartal assessments
              1. Describe the changes that occur during pregnancy.
              2. Identify the components of antepartal assessments.
              3. Describe the assessments of fetal well-being in pregnancy.
              4. Describe the assessments of maternal well-being in pregnancy.
           C. Antepartal care
              1. Discuss the common discomforts of pregnancy and suggestions to alleviate.
              2. List the danger signs that might occur during pregnancy.
              3. Assess adaptations to pregnancy in a healthy pregnant woman.
              4. Describe the nutritional requirements during pregnancy.
              5. Determine the components of pregnancy care.
              6. Use the nursing process to provide care for the pregnant client.
              7. Apply biological, psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural
principles of nursing care to  the care of the antepartal client.

 Unit III: Standards of Nursing Care to Women During Uncomplicated Labor and Delivery
           A. Normal labor and delivery
              1. Identify the role of the PN in the care of the laboring patient.
              2. Describe the mechanics of labor and delivery.
              3. Define four stages of labor and delivery.
              4. Describe possible medical interventions during labor and delivery.
           B. The progress of normal labor
              1. List signs and symptoms of impending labor.
              2. Identify the measurements that indicate labor progress.
              3. Identify the signs and symptoms of the most common complications of labor and delivery.
              4. List the signs of fetal distress during labor.
           C. Nursing process for a normal labor
              1. Describe the assessments to determine fetal well-being during.
              2. Describe the assessments to determine maternal well-being during labor.
              3. Describe the nursing diagnoses, planning and interventions for the care of the laboring patient in each of the four stages of labor.
              4. Describe pain management techniques during each of the four stages of labor.
              5. Demonstrate the use of the external uterine and fetal monitors.
              6. Demonstrate the use of the internal uterine and fetal monitors.
              7. Demonstrate correct positioning for a client in each stage of labor.
              8. Apply biological, psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural principles of nursing care to the client in labor.
           D. Pharmacology for labor
              1. Discuss drugs and delivery methods used to control pain during labor and delivery.
              2. Discuss drugs used to induce or supplement labor.
              3. Discuss drugs used to slow or stop labor.

  Unit IV: Apply the Standards of Nursing Care to Postpartum Clients
           A. Postpartum care of the mother
              1. Describe the normal changes during the period of involution.
              2. Identify the signs and symptoms of common complications of the postpartum period.
           B. The nursing process for the postpartum care of the new mother
              1. Describe the nursing assessments and interventions that are performed during the postpartum period.
              2. Describe nursing care to enhance lactation and successful breast-feeding.
              3. Explain methods of pain control during the postpartum period.
              4. Describe nursing interventions to enhance infant-parent bonding.
           C. Pharmacology
              1. Discuss the drugs used in the postpartum period to relieve pain and soreness.
              2. Discuss the drugs used in the postpartum period to treat anemia.
              3. Discuss the drugs used in the postpartum period to prevent and treat constipation.
              4. Discuss drugs used in the postpartum period to stop hemorrhage.
              5. Apply biological, psychosocial, spiritual, and cultural principles of nursing care to the postpartum client.
           D. Skills used to provide nursing care for the normal postpartum patient
              1. Demonstrate assessing respirations for the postpartum patient who has had epidural anesthesia.
              2. Demonstrate the head-to-toe, 12-point, postpartum assessment of the client.
              3. Demonstrate the correct way to set up a sitz bath.
              4. Demonstrate the correct method of assisting with or performing perineal care and applying a clean perineal pad.

   Unit V: Standards of Nursing Care to the Healthy Newborn
           A. Establishment of stable extrauterine physiology
              1. Describe the care that is given to the neonate immediately after birth.
              2. Explain the APGAR Score and its significance.
              3. Describe the continuing care of the neonate during the immediate postpartum period.
           B. Nursing process for the care of the normal newborn
              1. Describe the normal findings for a physical assessment of a newborn infant.
              2. Estimate gestational age in a newborn.
              3. List the needs of the normal newborn.
              4. Describe the nursing interventions for the care of the normal newborn infant.
              5. Explain the importance of bonding and attachment between mother and infant.
           C. Pharmacology for the neonate
              1. Discuss drugs used to prevent eye infection.
              2. Discuss drugs used to prevent hemorrhage.
              3. Discuss drugs used to prevent hepatitis B.
           D. Skills used to provide nursing care for the neonate
              1. Demonstrate weighing the infant and converting weight from pounds and ounces to grams.
              2. Demonstrate the daily head-to-toe assessment of the neonate.
              3. Demonstrate methods used to correctly identify the infant and provide security and safety.
              4. Demonstrate suctioning with the bulb syringe.
              5. Demonstrate bathing, dressing, diapering, and swaddling the neonate.
              6. Demonstrate cord care, and circumcision care.
              7. Demonstrate the correct methods for positioning the infant for rest and sleep, after feeding, and for transport in the crib.
              8. Demonstrate the correct methods for holding, feeding and burping the baby.
              9. Demonstrate the correct method for obtaining a blood sample from the newborn for determining blood sugar levels.

  Unit VI: Standards of Nursing Care for the Developing Well Child
           A. Health promotion, growth and development
              1. Identify the different stages of normal growth and development and developmental milestones from infancy through adolescence.
              2. Identify the stages of psychosocial development according to Erikson.
              3. Describe the immunization process during childhood.
           B. The nursing process for the normal well child
              1. Discuss assessment findings for normal growth and development.
              2. Describe nutritional factors influencing growth and development.
              3. Describe the care for the well child in the health evaluation setting.
           C. Skills used in the care of the child
              1. Demonstrate a head-to-toe assessment for the pediatric patient.
              2. Demonstrate an IM injection using the vastus lateralis or rectus femoris muscle.

 Unit VII: Standards of Nursing Care for the Child in a Healthcare Setting
           A. The nursing process for the hospitalized child within the health care setting
              1. Discuss nursing measures to promote a positive outcome.
              2. Describe ways that anxiety can be decreased for the child and the parents during a period of hospitalization.
              3. Explain methods of pain assessment and management for the child.
              4. Discuss common care performed for the child in the hospital--feeding, bathing, safety and restraints, specimen collection, oxygen therapy, determining intake and output, and administration of medications.
              5. Describe methods used to administer medications to the child.

Unit VIII: Standards of Nursing Care for the Child with Common Alterations in Health 
           A. Standards of care for the child with a sensory condition
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with sensory disorders; including otitis, hearing impairment, dyslexia, ambiopia, strabismus, conjunctivitis, hyphema and retinoblastoma.
              2. Identify behavioral clues the child may demonstrate indicating an inability to see or hear.
           B. Standards of care for the child with a neurological condition
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with seizure disorders, cerebral palsy, brain tumors or cognitive impairment.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with meningitis, encephalitis and Reye’s Syndrome.
              3. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a head injury.
           C. Standards of care for the child with a musculoskeletal condition
              1. Describe the age-specific changes that occur in the musculoskeletal system during growth and development.
              2. Describe the types of fractures commonly seen in children.
              3. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a fracture.
              4. Describe measures that help prevent sports injuries.
              5. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a disorder related to muscle degeneration.
              6. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with disorders of the bone; including slipped femoral epiphysis, Legg-Calve’-Perth’s Disease, osteosarcoma, and Ewing’s Sarcoma.
              7. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, torticollis and scoliosis.
              8. Identify key components related to child abuse.
              9. Discuss the mandatory reporting laws for health care providers when child abuse is suspected or confirmed.
           D. Standards of care for the child with a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with chronic respiratory conditions; including asthma and cystic fibrosis.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with acute respiratory conditions; including croup, pneumonia, tonsillitis and respiratory syncytial.
              3. Identify measures for the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome.
              4. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with congenital heart disease, acquired heart disease and rheumatic fever.
           E. Standards of care for the child with disorders of the blood, blood-forming organs or lymphatic system
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell disease and hemophilia.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a disorder of the white blood cells.
              3. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of the chronically ill child.
              4. Identify the role of the practical nurse in helping families deal with the impending death of a child.
           F. Standards of care for the child with disorders of the gastrointestinal system
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a congenital disorder.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a disorder of motility.
              3. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with a disorder of nutritional deficiency.
              4. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology,  diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with an infection of the gastrointestinal system.
              5. List measures to prevent poisoning in children.
              6. Describe measures to prevent foreign-body ingestion in children.
           G. Standards of care for the child with disorders of the genitourinary system
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology,
diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with anomalies of the urinary tract.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology,
diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with nephrotic syndrome.
              3. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with cryptochidism.
              4. Relate the impact of urinary or genital surgery on the growth and development of the child.
           H. Standards of care for the child with a skin condition
              1. Recognize common congenital lesions.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology,diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with an infectious disorder of the skin.
              3. Discuss the nursing management for the child with a burn.
              4. Identify skin manifestations of illness.
           I. Standards of care for the child with a metabolic disorder
              1. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with Tay-Sach’s disease, hypothyroidism and diabetes insipidis.
              2. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with diabetes mellitus.
           J. Standards of care for the child with a communicable disease
              1. Discuss principles involved in standard precautions used to prevent the transmission of communicable diseases in children.
              2. Identify nursing interventions for common communicable diseases.
              3. Discuss the nursing care, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management of a child with acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS).
              4. Describe the nursing responsibilities related to providing care for the child with sexually transmitted infection.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Provide Nursing Care Within the Scope of the Ethical and Legal Responsibilities of Practical Nursing

A. Exhibit professional behavior.

B. Arrive promptly to the healthcare site.

C. Follow the dress code as stated in policy handbook.

D. Be prepared for maternal child client care.

E. Protect maternal child client confidentiality.

F. Display accountability for actions.

G. Use constructive suggestions.

H. Seek assistance when appropriate.

I. Notify supervisor when absent.

J. Recognize own level of nursing preparation.

II. Utilize the Nursing Process to Identify Basic Human Needs Across Life Span for Health Promotion and Maintenance, or When Biological, Spiritual, Cultural and Psychosocial Needs are Not Being Met

A. Use appropriate assessment techniques to gather data.

B. Refer to medical records to gather data.

C. Identify patterns in maternal child client data.

D. Assist in the development of a nursing diagnosis and goals.

E. Recognize maternal child client's as unique individuals.

F. Assist in the planning of individual nursing care using critical thinking and evidence-based practice.

G. Evaluate the nursing plan of care and revise as needed.

III. Provide Safe and Skillful Therapeutic Care in Simple Nursing Situations Based on Knowledge of Biological, Cultural, Spiritual and Psychosocial Needs of the Individual Throughout the Life Span

A. Provide care based on biological needs of maternal child client.

B. Provide care based on cultural needs of maternal child client.

C. Provide care based on spiritual needs of maternal child client.

D. Provide care based on psychosocial needs of maternal child client.

E. Provide care within the safety guidelines of the healthcare institution.

F. Choose appropriate equipment for maternal child client care.

G. Administer medications safely.

H. Recognize emergency situations.

I. Perform level-appropriate technical skills in administering safe nursing care.

IV. Demonstrate Effective Interpersonal Relationships with the Client, the Client's Family and Members of the Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team

A. Apply communication techniques with maternal child clients.

B. Establish rapport and trust with maternal child clients.

C. Use communication techniques with healthcare team members.

D. Apply communication techniques with maternal child client's family or significant others.

V. Demonstrate Responsibilities of the Practical Nurse as an Individual Who Collaborates Within the Global Healthcare System and the Community

A. Recognize responsibility for personal and professional behaviors and growth.

B. Present clear, accurate and objective documentation of maternal child client activities and nursing interventions.

C. Identify own values, beliefs and cultural practices and how they influence the care of others.

D. Identify roles and functions of healthcare team members.

E. Demonstrate organization.

F. Demonstrate time management skills.

G. Efficiently organizes resources.

Content Outline and Competencies:

  I. Theories and Practice of Mental Health Nursing
     A. Foundations of mental health nursing
        1. Describe characteristics of mental health and mental illness.
        2. Identify the components of mental health and the variety of factors that influence its development.
        3. Discuss the purpose and use of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
        4. Apply the American Nurses Association standards of practice for psychiatric mental health nursing.
        5. Explain the concepts of the major psychosocial theories and  modalities utilized in the various mental health treatment settings.
        6. Identify the impact of nursing theories on mental health nursing.
     B. Neurobiologic Treatment Modalities
        1. Discuss the use of electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment  of depression and include nursing behavior required in this procedure.
        2. Identify the application and rationales for the varioustreatment modalities involving electrical and magnetic stimulation.
        3. Describe mental health conditions appropriate for various Neurobiologic treatment applications.
        4. Identify the relationship of pharmacological treatment to Neurobiologic theories.
        5. Apply pharmacologic therapy in the care of clients with mental health alterations.
     C. Psychosocial Theories and Therapy
        1. Explain the basic beliefs and approaches of the following psychosocial theories:
           a) Psychoanalytic
           b) Developmental
           c) Behavior
           d) Humanistic
           e) Crisis Intervention
        2. Apply Maslow’s human needs theory to the mental health client.
        3. Identify how psychosocial theoretical perspectives have influenced current nursing practice.
        4. Compare and contrast coping skills and defense mechanism. 
     D. Treatment Settings and Therapeutic Programs
        1. Discuss traditional mental health treatment settings and the importance of the therapeutic environment.
        2. Identify the essential components of community-based mental  health services.
        3. Explain the implications of managed care for both psychiatric clients and mental health nurses.
        4. Identify barriers to effective mental heath treatment for indigent people and those in the criminal justice system.
        5. Describe the roles of the members of a multi-disciplinary mental health team.
        6. List the different roles of the nurse in various mental health treatment settings and programs.

 II. Skills and Principles of Mental Health Nursing
     A. Therapeutic Relationships
        1. Discuss components of the therapeutic relationship.
        2. Explain the various types of interpersonal relationships.
        3. Describe and implement the phases of the nurse-client relationship.
        4. Identify negative behaviors that can interfere with the therapeutic nurse-client relationship.
     B. Therapeutic Communication
        1. List the goals of therapeutic communication.
        2. Identify therapeutic and non-therapeutic communication techniques.
        3. Compare the characteristics of verbal and nonverbal communications.
        4. Distinguish between concrete and abstract messages.
        5. Discuss the importance of privacy and respecting physical and social boundaries in communicating with mental health clients.
        6. Describe communication by the client that requires the nurse to breach confidentiality.
     C. Clients Response to Illness
        1. Identify the roles that physical health and biologic makeup play in a client’s emotional response.
        2. Discuss the affect of age, growth and development on the client’s ability to cope with illness.
        3. Explain how various cultural beliefs impact mental health or illness.
        4. Describe the nurse’s role in providing culturally competent nursing care.
     D. Mental Health Assessment
        1. Explain the purpose of the mental status examination.
        2. Identify steps involved in conducting a holistic nursing assessment of the psychiatric client.
        3. Describe methods of data collection in the mental health setting.
        4. Identify guidelines for conducting effective psychiatric interviews.
        5. List physiologic functions and self-care considerations to be addressed in the mentally ill client.
        6. Describe the use of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual in the diagnosis and clinical treatment of individuals with mental and emotional symptoms.
     E. Legal and Ethical Issues
        1. Explain the purpose of the Patient’s Bill of Rights.
        2. Describe the rights of the client in a psychiatric setting.
        3. Discuss the legal issues surrounding the admission of a client to a psychiatric setting.
        4. Identify the legal and ethical issues related to seclusion and restraint.
        5. Describe expected behaviors required of the nurse caring for the mentally ill client.  

III. Nursing Care for Clients with Common Mental Health Needs
     A. Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
        1. Define and describe anxiety.
        2. Outline levels of anxiety and list behavioral manifestations associated with each level.
        3. Discuss the use of defense mechanisms associated with anxiety disorders.
        4. Differentiate between anxiety and an anxiety disorder.
        5. Describe theories concerning the causes of anxiety disorders.
        6. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care plan needs for clients experiencing anxiety and/or anxiety disorders.
        7. Examine one’s own experiences with anxiety.
     B. Schizophrenia
        1. Describe manifestations of schizophrenia.
        2. Differentiate between positive or hard signs/symptoms and negative or soft signs/symptoms of schizophrenia.
        3. Discuss theories of causation of schizophrenia.
        4. Outline components of a functional and mental status assessment for a client with schizophrenia.
        5. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care plan needs for clients with schizophrenia.
        6. Discuss therapeutic communication strategies to employ when interacting with a client with schizophrenia.
     C. Mood Disorders and Suicide
        1. Outline manifestations of depression and bipolar disorder.
        2. Discuss theories of causation of depression and bipolar disorder.
        3. Describe components of commonly used rating scales for depression.
        4. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care plan needs for clients with depression or bipolar disorder.
        5. Identify populations at risk for suicide.
        6. Describe how to assess clients’ risk for suicide including lethality.
        7. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care needs of
clients at risk for suicide.
     D. Personality Disorders
        1. List broad categories of personality disorders.
        2. Describe behaviors associated with specific types of personality disorders.
        3. Discuss factors thought to contribute to the development of personality disorders.
        4. Identify potential challenges in establishing a therapeutic relationship with a client with a personality disorder.
        5. Apply the nursing process in outlining the nursing care plan needs of clients with personality disorders.
     E. Eating Disorders
        1. Compare and contrast anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
        2. Discuss etiological theories pertaining to eating disorders.
        3. Describe societal and/or cultural influences on body image, diet and exercise.
        4. List treatment goals for clients with eating disorders.
        5. Outline a teaching plan for clients with eating disorders and/or their families.
        6. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care plan needs of clients with eating disorders.
        7. Relate potential outcomes of untreated eating disorders.
     F. Somatoform Disorders
        1. Define “psychosomatic illness.”
        2. Discuss etiological theories pertaining to somatoform disorders.
        3. Describe characteristics and dynamics of somatoform disorders.
        4. Differentiate between primary and secondary gains experienced by clients with somatoform disorders.
        5. List the three central features of somatoform disorders.
        6. Apply the nursing process to identifying nursing care plan needs of clients with somatoform disorders.
     G. Child and Adolescent Disorders
        1. Discuss risk factors, characteristics and family dynamics pertaining to child and adolescent mental health disorders.
        2. List treatment goals for children and adolescents with selected mental health disorders including mental retardation, autism, learning disorders, attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder.
        3. Outline components of a teaching plan for parents, family and clients with selected mental health disorders (mental retardation, autism, learning disorders, attention deficit disorder and/or conduct disorder).
        4. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care plan needs of children and adolescents with mental health disorders.
     H. Cognitive Disorders
        1. Describe the characteristics of and risk factors for cognitive disorders.
        2. Differentiate between delirium and dementia.
        3. List the stages of dementia – Alzheimer’s type and describe the level of functioning with each.
        4. Discuss components of a mini mental status examination.
        5. Explore safety and security, legal and ethical issues surrounding care of a client with a cognitive disorder.
        6. Outline components of a teaching plan for caregivers of client with cognitive disorders.
        7. Apply the nursing process in identifying nursing care needs of clients with cognitive disorders

 IV. Nursing Care for Clients Experiencing Abuse, Neglect or Chemical Dependency
     A. Anger, Hostility and Aggression
        1. Discuss anger, hostility and aggression.
        2. Identify mental health disorders that may be associated with an increased risk of physical aggression.
        3. List five phases of aggression and outline their signs, symptoms and behavioral manifestations.
        4. Define restraints.
        5. Explore appropriate client interventions during each of the phases of aggression.
        6. Apply the nursing process to identifying nursing care needs of clients at risk for anger, hostility and/or aggression.
     B. Abuse and Violence
        1. Discuss characteristics and risk factors associated with abusive and violent behaviors.
        2. Examine incidences and trends in domestic violence, child and elder abuse.
        3. Identify responses to abuse such as post-traumatic stress disorder and dissociative identity disorder.
        4. Outline components of an assessment of a potential or suspected victim.
        5. Promote abuse awareness and prevention activities.
        6. Apply the nursing process to identifying the nursing care plan needs of perpetrators and victims of abuse/violence.
     C. Substance Abuse
        1. List and describe types of substance abuse.
        2. Discuss etiology, risk factors and family dynamics as they relate to substance abuse.
        3. Outline onset and clinical course of alcoholism.
        4. Describe symptoms of withdrawal and explore detoxification treatments.
        5. Explore various treatment settings.
        6. Identify community-based and/or support services.
        7. Discuss substance abuse as it occurs among health care providers.
        8. Examine the Kansas Nurse Assistance Program.
        9. Promote strategies aimed at drug and alcohol abuse resistance.
       10. Apply the nursing process in identifying the nursing care plan needs of clients with alcohol and/or substance abuse issues.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Exhibit Professional Behavior

A. Maintain professional confidentiality.

B. Apply legal and ethical concepts in the mental health setting.

C. Practice within the scope of practice for the practical nurse.

D. Assumes responsibility for expanding own knowledge base in mental health nursing.

II. Utilize Therapeutic Communication Skills

A. Identify barriers to therapeutic communication with the mental health client.

B. Apply therapeutic communication techniques in the mental health setting.

C. Identify the importance of accurate interpretation of nonverbal behaviors presented by nurse and client in any interaction with the mental health client.

D. Strictly maintain confidentiality of all patient, staff and peer information.

III. Maintain Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationships

A. Identify negative behaviors that impact the nurse-client relationship.

B. Utilize the 3 phases of the nurse-client relationship with all clients in the mental health setting.

C. Maintain a therapeutic demeanor with all mental health clients.

IV. Contribute to the Therapeutic Milieu of the Mental Health Setting

A. Identify factors that impact the milieu of the mental health setting.

B. Identify various neurobiological treatment modalities utilized for the mental health client.

C. Apply psychosocial theories to the management of the mentally ill patient.

D. Explore the contribution and impact of nursing theorists in the care of mental health clients.

E. Effectively manage own level of stress/anxiety to perform responsibilities and participate as a knowledgeable member of the clinical team.

V. Apply the A.N.A. Professional Standards of Practice in the Delivery of Nursing Care to the Mental Health Client.

A. Interpret and protect the legal rights of the mental health client.

B. Apply basic scientific knowledge to support rationale of patient treatment modalities.

C. Recognize and accept each client as a unique individual.

D. Describe the importance of understanding cultural diversity in the mental health setting.

VI. Utilize the Nursing Process to Deliver Safe and Competent Nursing Care.

A. Collect subjective and objective data from relevant sources.

B. Interpret client behaviors and relate to DSM diagnosis.

C. Apply basic knowledge to support rationale for care of client.

D. Develop interventions to address physical, emotional, and safety needs of the mental health client.

E. Utilize professional nursing standards to evaluate nursing care in the mental health setting.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Standards of Care for Clients with Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System

A. Nutritional and Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders

1. Describe causes, pathophysiology and manifestations of common nutritional upper gastrointestinal disorders.

2. Integrate the laboratory diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into the care of clients with nutritional and upper gastrointestinal disorders.

3. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with nutritional and the upper gastrointestinal disorders.

4. Explain the nursing implications for medications used to treat nutritional and upper gastrointestinal disorders.

5. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with nutritional and upper gastrointestinal disorders.

B. Bowel Disorders

1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common bowel disorders.

2. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with disorders of the bowel.

3. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with disorders of the bowel.

4. Describe the nursing implications for medications and treatments used to treat disorders of the bowel.

5. Illustrate the nursing care of a client having intestinal surgery.

6. Reinforce teaching for clients with disorders of the bowel.

7. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with disorders of the bowel.

C. Disorders of the Gallbladder, Liver and Pancreas

1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common disorders of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

2. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with disorders of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

3. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with disorders of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

4. Describe the nursing implications for medications and treatments used to treat disorders of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

5. Describe the nursing care of a client having surgery of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

6. Reinforce teaching for clients with disorders of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

7. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with disorders of the gallbladder, liver and pancreas.

II. Standards of Care for Clients with Renal and Urinary Tract Disorders

A. Nutritional and Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders

1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common renal and urinary tract disorders.

2. Explain the nursing management of the client with fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

3. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into the care of clients with renal and urinary tract disorders.

4. Describe the nursing implications for medications and treatments used to treat renal and urinary tract disorders.

5. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with renal and urinary tract disorders.

6. Illustrate the nursing care of a client having renal and urinary tract surgery.

7. Reinforce teaching for clients with disorders of the renal and urinary tract disorders.

8. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with renal and urinary tract disorders.

III. Standards of Care for Clients with Altered Immune Responses Including Autoimmunity

A. Explain the meaning of an immune response.

B. Compare and contrast natural and acquired immunity and active and passive immunity.

C. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common disorders of the immune system.

D. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with common disorders of the immune system.

E. Explain how to optimize nutrition for clients with altered immunity.

F. Describe the nursing implications for medications and treatments used to treat disorders of the immune system.

G. Reinforce teaching for clients with disorders of the immune system.

H. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with disorders of the immune system.

I. Name methods for preventing the transmission of HIV.

J. Identify laboratory tests to diagnose HIV and to monitor HIV progression.

IV. Standards of Care for Clients with Cancer

A. Prevention

1. List seven risk factors for the development of cancer.

2. State seven warning signs of cancer.

B. Pathophysiology and Diagnosis

1. Define the terminology used to describe cellular changes, characteristics of malignant cells and types of malignancies.

2. List common diagnostic tests used to identify the presence of cancer.

C. Therapies and Nursing Interventions

1. Discuss the four major treatment approaches available for the patient with a malignancy.

2. Describe nursing interventions for the individual undergoing cancer therapy.

D. Pharmacology

1. List the major categories of chemotherapeutic agents.

2. Discuss the various medications used for symptom control of cancer treatment.

V. Standards of Care for Clients with Common Alterations of Neurological Disorders

A. Neurologic Disorders

1. Describe the pathophysiology and manifestations of common neurological disorders.

2. Integrate laboratory data, diagnostic test information and pertinent pathophysiology into nursing care of clients with neurologic disorders.

3. Describe the nursing implications for medications and treatments used to treat neurologic disorders.

4. Reinforce teaching for clients with neurological disorders.

5. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with neurological disorders.

B. Spinal Cord Injury

1. Describe the client’s functional ability according to the level of injury.

2. Illustrate the role of the interdisciplinary team in providing care for the client with a spinal cord injury.

3. Compare and contrast the types of surgery used to treat spinal cord injuries.

4. Describe nursing care for clients with spinal cord injuries.

C. Cerebral Vascular Accident

1. Discuss the causes, risk factors and pathophysiology of transient ischemic attack and stroke.

2. Compare and contrast the types of stroke.

3. Illustrate the manifestations and complications of stroke.

4. Compare and contrast right and left hemisphere problems.

5. Discuss therapeutic interventions for transient ischemic attack and stroke.

6. Use the nursing process to contribute to the care of clients with transient ischemic attack and stroke.

VI. The Surgical Client

A. Describe types of surgery according to purpose, degree of urgency, and the degree of risk.

B. Identify responsibilities of the practical nurse in the preoperative surgical phase, including essential aspects of client teaching.

C. Compare various types of anesthesia.

D. Identify the roles and functions of the members of the surgical team.

E. Identify potential postoperative complications and describe nursing measures to prevent them.

F. Describe nursing measures to promote healing of wounds and incisions.

VII. Shock

A. Define the types of shock.

B. Describe the stages of shock.

C. Describe nursing assessments to identify impending shock.

D. Identify major complications of shock.

E. Explain the nursing care for the client in shock.

VIII. Leadership and Management for the Practical Nurse

A. Analyze own priorities and interest in relation to seeking employment as a licensed practical nurse.

B. Develop goals for first year of practice as a licensed practical nurse.

C. Identify opportunities for continued professional and personal growth.

D. Explore career mobility options.

E. Identify the importance and benefits of belonging to a practical nursing organization.

F. Examine the legal, ethical and regulatory framework for the scope of practice for the practical nurse in regard to supervision of unlicensed assistive personnel.

G. Identify the concepts of conflict resolution.

H. Identify the impact of performance improvement/quality assurance activities on client care outcomes.

I. Identify community resources for the client.

J. Identify the client’s need for and correct use of materials and equipment.

K. Identify the principles of triage and evacuation.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Provide Nursing Care Within the Scope of the Ethical and Legal Responsibilities of Practical Nursing

A. Promote professional behavior.

B. Arrive promptly to the healthcare site.

C. Follow the dress code as stated in policy handbook.

D. Be prepared for client care.

E. Protect client confidentiality.

F. Display accountability for actions.

G. Use constructive suggestions.

H. Utilize critical thinking to solve problems and seeks assistance when appropriate.

I. Notify supervisor when absent.

J. Recognize own level of nursing preparation.

II. Utilize the Nursing Process to Identify Basic Human Needs Across Lifespan for Health Promotion and Maintenance, or When Biological, Spiritual, Cultural and Psychosocial Needs are Not Being Met

A. Use appropriate assessment techniques to gather data.

B. Refer to medical records and other available resources to gather data.

C. Correlate patterns of client data with client care needs.

D. Contribute to the development of a nursing diagnosis and goals.

E. Individualize client care based on uniqueness of needs.

F. Contribute to the development of individual nursing care using critical thinking and evidence-based practice.

G. Evaluate the nursing plan of care and revise as needed.

III. Provide Safe and Skillful Therapeutic Care in Simple Nursing Situations Based on Knowledge of Biological, Cultural, Spiritual and Psychosocial Needs of the Individual Throughout the Lifespan

A. Provide care based on biological needs of one or more clients.

B. Provide care based on cultural needs of one or more clients.

C. Provide care based on spiritual needs of one or more clients.

D. Provide care based on psychosocial needs of one or more clients.

E. Provide care within the safety guidelines of the healthcare institution.

F. Choose appropriate equipment for client care.

G. Prepare and uses equipment correctly.

H. Administer medications safely.

I. Recognize and responds appropriately to emergency situations.

J. Perform level-appropriate technical skills in administering safe nursing care.

IV. Demonstrate Effective Interpersonal Relationships with the Client, the Client's Family and Members of the Interdisciplinary Healthcare Team

A. Apply communication techniques with clients, families, significant others and members of the healthcare team.

B. Establish a therapeutic relationship with clients.

C. Collaborate with all healthcare team members.

D. Reinforce healthcare teaching provided to clients, families and significant others.

V. Demonstrate Responsibilities of the Practical Nurse as an Individual Who Collaborates Within the Healthcare System and the Community

A. Demonstrate responsibility for personal and professional behaviors and growth.

B. Document relevant care in a clear, accurate and objective manner incorporating appropriate and accurate terminology.

C. Identify client's values, beliefs and different cultures and subcultures in planning nursing care.

D. Participate as a member of the healthcare team.

E. Incorporate organizational, time management, and prioritization skills in providing care to one or more clients.

F. Manage resources effectively.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Examine the Impact of Ageism

A. Trends and Issues.

1. Describe subjective and objective ways of defining age

2. Identify societal, cultural and personal attitudes toward aging

3. Define ageism

4. Explore myths associated with aging

5. Identify recent demographic trends

6. Explore economic, legislative and political factors that impact the lives of aging adults

7. Describe changes in family dynamics

8. Define and identify forms of elder abuse

9. List potential assessment findings that might indicate abuse

10. Utilize the nursing process in outlining a plan of care to prevent elder abuse

11. Examine the role of the practical nurse in working with aging clients and their families

B. Theories of Aging.

1. Differentiate between theory and fact

2. Describe biologic theories of aging

3. Describe psychosocial theories of aging

4. Utilizing the nursing process apply theories of aging to nursing practice

II. Alterations in Physiological and Psycho-Social Functioning

A. Changes in body structure and function.

1. Describe changes in anatomy and physiology in each of the body systems noted in the normal aging process

2. Discuss the impact of normal changes in anatomy and physiology in each of the body’s systems on the aging adult’s self-image and lifestyle

3. Differentiate between normal age-related changes and disease

4. Identify common diseases related to aging in each of the body systems

5. Utilizing the nursing process incorporate age-related changes in planning nursing care for an aging adult

B. Cognition and perception.

1. Review normal sensory and cognitive functions

2. Describe age-related changes in sensory perception and cognition

3. Discuss potential effects of illness on sensory perception and cognition

4. Identify aging adults at risk for problems with sensory perception and/or cognition

5. Differentiate between delirium, dementia and depression

6. Identify methods to assess for changes in sensory perception and cognition

7. Utilize the nursing process in planning care for aging adults with problems with sensory perception and/or cognition

8. Discuss pain assessment and management of the aging adult

C. Self Perception and Self Concept

1. Define self-perception and self-concept

2. Describe how aging impacts self-perception and self-concept

3. Explore potential effects of illness on self-perception and self-concept

4. Identify aging adults at risk for issues with self-perception and self-concept

5. Identify methods to assess alterations in self-perception and self-concept

6. Utilize the nursing process in planning care for aging adults with problems related to self-perception and self-concept

7. Explore the impact of ageism on the self-concept and self-perception of aging adults

D.Coping and Stress.

1. Explain the concepts of stress and coping

2. Identify physiological, psychological and behavioral manifestations of stress

3. Outline stress reduction techniques

4. Discuss the impact of aging on stress and coping

5. Describe methods of coping with stress and depression

6. Identify aging adults at risk for stress-related problems

7. Utilize the nursing process to plan the care for aging adults who are experiencing stress and problems with coping

E. Sexuality.

1. Describe how age-related changes impact sexuality

2. Discuss the effects of illness on sexuality

3. Describe methods for assessing sexual functioning

4. Identify aging adults at risk for problems related to sexuality

5. Explore the impact of ageism on the sexuality of aging adults

6. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults experiencing problems with sexuality

F. Care of Skin and Mucous Membranes.

1.Discuss age-related changes in skin and mucous membranes

2. Identify aging adults at risk for alterations in the integrity of skin and mucous membranes

3. Identify skin risk assessment scales

4. Describe methods for assessing skin and mucous membranes

5. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults with alterations in the integrity of skin and mucous membranes

G. Elimination.

1. Describe normal processes associated with elimination

2. Describe age-related changes in bowel and bladder functioning

3. Discuss methods for assessing patterns of elimination

4. Identify aging adults at risk for alterations in elimination

5. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults with alterations in elimination

H. Activity, Sleep and Rest.

1. Describe alterations in rest, sleep, activity and exercise associated with aging

2. Discuss the impact of illness on rest, sleep, activity and exercise

3. Describe methods to assess rest and sleep

4. Identify aging adults at risk for alterations in rest, sleep, activity and participation in exercise

5. Describe methods to assess changes in the ability to participate in activity and exercise

6. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults experiencing alterations in rest, sleep, activity and the ability to participate in exercise programs

III. Palliative, Restorative and Rehabilitative Care

A. End-of-Life Care.

1. Discuss personal, cultural, spiritual and societal attitudes related to death and end-of-life planning

2. Identify factors that impact decision-making regarding end-of- life care

3. Explain the concept of Hospice Care

4. Discuss bereavement rituals and beliefs

5. Discuss the role of the practical nurse in providing end of life care and in working with the bereaved

6. Outline the stages of death and dying

7. Utilize the nursing process to plan the care for an aging adult requiring end of life care

B. Palliative Care.

1. Define palliation

2. Differentiate between palliative care, hospice care and restorative care

3. Identify methods to assess the needs of aging adult for palliative care services

4. Discuss alternatives for pain management

5. Utilize the nursing process to plan the care for an aging adult opting for palliative care

C. Restorative Care.

1. Define restorative care

2. Differentiate between custodial, restorative and rehabilitative care

3. Explore the role of the practical nurse in supervising restorative nursing care

4. Identify benefits of restorative services for aging adults

5. Utilize the nursing process to plan the care for an aging adult requiring restorative service

D. Rehabilitative Care.

1. Differentiate between custodial, restorative and rehabilitative care

2. Define rehabilitative care

3. Identify aging adults who qualify for rehabilitative care

4. Explore the role of the Practical Nurse in promoting and providing rehabilitative care

5. Utilize the nursing process to plan the care for aging adults participating in rehabilitative care

IV. Role of the Practical Nurse in the Geriatric Setting

A. Communication.

1. Identify communication techniques that are effective when working with aging adults

2. Define empathetic listening

3. Consider the significance of nonverbal communication with aging adults.

4. Discuss factors that impede effective communication

5. Differentiate between social and therapeutic communication

6. Describe methods to assess the ability of the aging adult to communicate effectively, participate in decision-making and solve problems

7. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults with alterations in communication

B. Application of the Nursing Process.

1. Identify the role of the practical nursing in assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of nursing care

2. Examine the role of the practical nurse as a member of an interdisciplinary team providing care for the aging adult

C. Planning Care.

1. Examine the role of the practical nurse in planning the care for aging adults

2. Define interdisciplinary care plan team

3. Explore methods of communicating care plan directives to all care providers working with aging adults

4. Examine care planning tools and formats used in planning care for aging adults

D. Continuum of Care -- Healthcare Settings.

1. Explore the role of the practical nurse in a variety of health care settings that serve the aging adult

2. Identify demographic trends and their impact on provision of healthcare

3. Identify special interest groups that advocate for aging adults

4. Examine the role of the government in administering the Medicare and Medicaid Programs

5. Review the impact of regulation on provision of healthcare within the continuum of healthcare settings that serve the aging adult

6. Describe housing options available to aging adults

V. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

A. Health Promotion and Maintenance.

1. Describe recommended health maintenance practices for the aging adult

2. Identify how perceptions of aging impact health practices

3. Describe the impact of cognitive and sensory changes on health maintenance

4. Discuss the impact of accessibility of care on health maintenance practices

5. Describe methods of assessment of health maintenance practices

6. Identify those aging adults at risk for impairment in health maintenance

7. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults experiencing alterations in health maintenance

B. Nutrition and Fluid Balance.

1. Identify the various types of nutrients

2. Outline the components of a healthy diet for aging adults

3. Describe age-related changes in nutritional and fluid requirements

4. Consider age-related changes that affect nutrition, digestion and hydration

5. Explore the effects of economic, emotional, social and cultural factors on nutrition

6. Describe methods to assess nutritional status of aging adults

7. Identify aging adults at risk for alterations in nutrition and hydration

8. Utilize the nursing process to plan care to promote optimal nutrition in aging adults

C. Judicious Use of Medication.

1. Define Geropharmacology

2. Describe age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

3. Identify factors that increase the risk of medication-related problems in aging adults

4. Explain precautions that are necessary when administering medications to aging adults in a healthcare setting

5. Identify pertinent nursing observations for specific drug categories

6. Identify medications deemed inappropriate for use in aging adults

7. Explain the concept of Risk-Benefit Analysis

8. Explore how to incorporate medication regimens in the nursing care plan

9. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for the aging adult receiving multiple medications

10. Explore the impact of socio-economic factors on compliance with medication regimens

D. Health Assessment of the Aging Adult.

1. Identify different levels of assessment

2. Differentiate between objective and subjective data

3. Discuss the importance of accurate and thorough assessments

4. Describe techniques for conducting an interview

5. Identify approaches to facilitate an effective physical assessment of an aging adult

6. Discuss modifications to employ when preparing an aging adult for a physical examination

7. Describe physical assessment techniques

8. Discuss the use of standardized assessment tools in the continuum of healthcare settings for aging adults

9. Discuss the significance of the Minimum Data Set as the tool for comprehensive assessments of adults residing in skilled nursing facilities

10. Discuss the role of the PN in participating in the assessment of aging adults

E. Safety.

1. Discuss the types of safety issues encountered by aging adults

2. Describe internal and external factors that impact safety risks for aging adults

3. Discuss methods to improve safety for aging adults

4. Define the Frail Elderly

5. Explore the impact of multiple co-morbidities on safety

6. Explore the impact of age-related physical changes on safety

7. Discuss the impact of multiple medications on safety

8. Identify methods to assess safety and safety awareness in aging adults

9. Utilize the nursing process to plan care for aging adults at risk for injury

VI. Legal and Ethical Issues

A. Advanced Directives.

1. Define Advanced Directives

2. Differentiate between living wills, durable power of attorney, DNR and guardianship

3. Discuss the role of the Practical Nurse in assisting the aging adults to implement advanced directives

B. Patient Rights and Responsibilities.

1. Explain the concept of patient rights and responsibilities

2. Explore the application of patients’ rights and responsibilities across the continuum of healthcare available to aging adults

3. Describe methods to assess the aging adults’ ability to participate in decision-making regarding healthcare needs

C. Advocacy.

1. Explore the role of the practical nurse in advocating for aging adults in the healthcare setting

2. Identify advocacy groups who represent aging adults at the local, state and national levels

D. Abuse Reporting.

1. Define abuse, neglect and exploitation

2. Describe methods to assess an aging adult at risk for abuse, neglect and exploitation

3. Recognize the most common signs of abuse

4. Describe methods to prevent elder abuse

5. Discuss the practical nurse’s responsibility on detecting and reporting elder abuse

E. Standards of Practice.

1. Define the term “standards of practice”

2. Outline the standards of practice as they apply to a practical nurse in gerontological nursing

3. Examine the Nurse Practice Act

4. Compare and contrast the Nurse Practice Act with prevailing Standards of Practice for the Practical Nurse caring for aging adults

VII. Biological, Psychosocial, Spiritual and Cultural Principles

A. Values and Beliefs.

1. Discuss the impact of values and beliefs on daily life

2. Identify values and beliefs commonly associated with today’s aging population

3. Discuss how values and beliefs impact health practices among aging adults

4. Compare the spiritual practices of major religions as they relate to aging, end of life care, death and bereavement

5. Explore the impact of culture and religion on values and beliefs of aging adults

6. Describe methods of assessing values and beliefs

7. Identify aging adults at risk for experiencing problems related to values and beliefs

8. Utilize the Nursing Process to plan care for aging adults with problems related to values and beliefs

B. Roles and Relationships.

1. Explain the concepts of roles and relationships

2. Describe how roles and relationships change with aging

3. Discuss the impact of illness on the ability to sustain roles and relationships

4. Explore changes in family dynamics associated with roles and relationships

5. Describe methods to assess changes in roles and relationships

6. Identify aging adults at risk for problems related to changes in roles and relationships

7. Consider the impact of the aging “baby boomers” on the healthcare delivery system in the United States

8. Utilize the nursing process in planning the care for aging adults undergoing changes in roles and relationships

C. Laboratory Values for Aging Adults.

1. Examine the lab values for common lab studies for an aging adult

2. Explore the implications of deviations from normal values in lab tests commonly done in aging adults

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction to Physical Assessment

A. Describe the components of a patient assessment.

1. Differentiate between types of patient assessments.

2. Differentiate between subjective and objective data.

3. Describe the relationship of patient assessment to patient education.

4. Discuss findings of an assessment that require critical thinking.

B. Obtain a  health history.

1. Perform a complete review of systems and basic health history.

2. Apply principles of therapeutic communication during the patient interview.

3. Identify teaching opportunities for risk reduction.

4. Document techniques and findings using appropriate medical terminology.

C. Provide a general overview of the head-to-toe assessment.

1. Apply standard precaution as indicated during the physical assessment.

2. Perform a basic assessment using proper techniques including inspection, palpation and auscultation.

3. Identify indications for focused assessments and vital signs.

4. Measure, record and report accurate vital signs.

5. Differentiate normal from abnormal and age-related variations in vital signs.

6. Document the head-to-toe assessment accurately.

D. Describe a sensory-perceptual assessment (pain, mental health, sleep, safety).

1. Identify appropriate questions for obtaining patient history related to mental health status (e.g., anxiety, confusion, depression).

2  Assess all aspects of pain effectively.

3. Compare multidimensional pain assessment tools for geriatric patients.

4. Outline objective data indicative of acute and chronic pain.

5. Identify appropriate questions for obtaining patient history related to rest and sleep (e.g., insomnia, sleep apnea and safety).

II. Health Assessment of the Adult by Body System

A. Perform an assessment of the integumentary system (skin and wound).

1. Recognize skin-related findings in patients with light versus dark skin.

2. Identify common symptoms of skin disease (pruritus, rashes, cyanosis, erythema, jaundice, pallor, petechiae).

3. Conduct routine inspection and palpation of the skin for texture, temperature, moisture and turgor.

4. Identify and document abnormal findings of skin and hair distribution.

B. Perform a head, eyes, ears, nose and throat assessment.

1. Identify risk factors associated with hearing and vision loss.

2. Identify appropriate questions for patient history related to headaches, dizziness, vertigo, visual changes, hearing loss, tinnitus, nasal discharge, sore throat and oral lesions.

3. Conduct routine inspection of ocular structures, conjunctiva, pupils, mouth, lips, teeth, gums, tongue, palate, oropharynx and neck.

4. Identify and document abnormal findings of head and neck.

C. Assess the lungs and respiratory system.

1. Identify risk factors associated with lung disease.

2. Identify appropriate questions for patient history related to cough, shortness of breath and chest pain with breathing.

3. Conduct routine inspection and auscultation of anterior, posterior and lateral thorax.

4. Differentiate among various adventitious and normal breath sounds.

5. Identify and document abnormal findings of lung assessment.

D. Assess the heart and peripheral vascular system.

1. Identify risk factors associated with hypertension and coronary artery disease.

2. Identify appropriate questions for patient history related to chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, nocturia, fatigue, fainting, peripheral edema, claudication and peripheral neuropathy.

3. Conduct routine inspection, palpation and auscultation of the heart and peripheral vascular system.

4. Identify and document abnormal findings of heart and peripheral vascular system.

E. Perform an abdominal assessment. (gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems).

1. Identify risk factors associated with GI and GU disorders.

2. Identify appropriate questions for a patient history related to abdominal/flank pain, distention, jaundice, and change in bowel habits and/or urination.

3. Perform inspection, auscultation and palpation of organs within the abdominal cavity.

4. Identify normal, variations of normal and abnormal findings within the abdominal assessment.

5. Document and report abnormal findings of the abdominal assessment.

F. Assess the musculoskeletal system.

1. Identify risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disease processes.

2. Identify appropriate questions for patient history related to pain, problems with movement and/or activities of daily living, or safety issues.

3. Conduct routine symmetrical inspection and palpation of the extremities, joints and spine.

4. Differentiate musculoskeletal pain from neuropathic pain.

5. Identify and document abnormal findings of musculoskeletal assessment.

G. Assess the neurological system.

1. Identify risk factors associated with cerebral vascular accident, dementia and other neurological disorders.

2. Identify appropriate questions for patient history related to dizziness, seizures, loss of consciousness, cognitive changes, changes in movement and/or sensation, dysphagia and aphasia.

3. Conduct routine neurological assessment of mental status, level of consciousness, speech and gait.

H. Outline the assessment of the reproduction system including male and female genitalia and rectal area.

1. Recognize age, ethnicity and cultural differences in approaching assessment of the male and female genitalia.

2. Identify appropriate questions for patient history related to present health status, past medical history and sexual history.

3. Identify components of a physical assessment of male genitalia, rectum and prostate.

4. Identify components of a physical assessment for the female genitalia, rectum, pelvic examination and screening tests.

5. Identify normal, variations of normal, age-related and abnormal assessment findings of male and female genitalia and rectal examinations.

6. Document abnormal findings of assessment of male and female genitalia and rectal examinations.

III. Health Assessment of Aging Adults

A. Identify normal changes that occur with aging.

B. Identify risk factors in older adults for malnutrition, impaired mobility, polypharmacy, falls, incontinence and skin integrity issues.

C. Identify teaching opportunities for health promotion and risk reduction in aging adults.

D. Identify appropriate questions for a patient history for the patient and/or caregiver.

E. Discuss how the physical assessment process may be adjusted for this population.

F. Discuss the use of OASIS assessments in the home health setting.

G. Discuss the use of Comprehensive (MDS) Assessments in skilled nursing facilities.

IV. The Comprehensive Health Assessment: Pulling it All Together

A. Demonstrate competency in performing a patient health history, review of systems and review of related data including lab values, diagnostic studies and medication profile on a standardized patient in the lab setting.

B. Demonstrate competency in performing a complete head-to-toe assessment on a standardized patient, and documenting the findings of this assessment in the lab setting.

C. Demonstrate competency in performing a focused assessment on a standardized patient, and documenting the findings of this assessment in the lab setting.

D. Utilize assessment data gathered in the lab setting to identify actual and potential patient problems and risks to include in a nursing care plan.