Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Preparation for a Diet Analysis
   A. Define the six classes of essential nutrients and the role each
plays in a healthy diet plan.
   B. Utilize the units of measurement as required in nutrition.
   C. Locate current food competition tables and describe how they are
used.
   D. Explain food grouping plans and their use for dietary analysis.
   E. Describe the purpose and limitations of food labels, Daily Values
(DV) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs).
   F. Assess food habits.
   G. Perform a general nutrition assessment.

II. Food Safety and Quality
   A. Recognize the appropriate vs. inappropriate use of supplements.
   B. Define the FDA food safety regulations.
   C. List the primary microorganisms involved in foodborne illnesses.
   D. Identify the methods necessary to prevent foodborne illness.
   E. Identify the ways food selection impacts the environment.

III. Body Weight, Body Composition and Energy Balance
   A. Recognize the multiple standards for desirable body weight/body
fat.
   B. Describe energy imbalances and their consequences.
   C. Calculate individual energy requirements.
   D. Contrast a sound weight loss plan with weight loss fads and
fallacies.
   E. Compare and contrast eating disorders and their treatments.

IV. Nutrition and Physical Activity
   A. Recognize nutritional implications for various levels of physical
activity.

V. Lifecycle Nutrition
   A. Define the nutritional needs throughout the following life stages:
      1. Pre-conception
      2. Pregnancy and lactation
      3. Infancy
      4. Childhood
      5. Adulthood

VI. Heart Disease
   A. Define and differentiate blood cholesterol versus dietary
cholesterol.
   B. Recognize the types of fat and their relationship to disease risk.
   C. Describe the strategies for reducing cholesterol intake.
   D. Describe the strategies for reducing fat intake.
   E. Describe the strategies for reducing sodium/salt intake.

80% of total points will be from exams and quizzes
20% of total points will be from a diet analysis and in-class exercises

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Nature of Science
   A. Recognize science as a process rather than a collection of "facts."
   B. Identify the major steps of the scientific method.
   C. Apply scientific reasoning to real world problems.
   D. Explain fundamental aspects of good experimental design.
   E. Construct scientific hypotheses that give rise to testable
predictions.
   F. Interpret scientific data presented in charts, graphs, and tables.
   G. Evaluate credibility of sources of scientific information.
   H. Differentiate a scientific hypothesis from a scientific theory.

II. Levels of Organization and Emergent Properties of Life
   A. Predict outcomes of basic molecular interactions in organisms using
concepts of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
   B. Infer chemical properties and functions of biological macromolecules
from their structure.
   C. Describe the significance of cellular components common to all
living cells.
   D. Analyze the functional interconnections between major components of
cells.
   E. Illustrate how cells show all the essential properties of living
things.
   F. Recognize cells as the basic unit of organization for all living
things.
   G. Relate structure to function at various levels of biological
organization.
   H. Relate genotype of phenotype.
   I. Extrapolate population-level evolutionary mechanisms to
macroevolutionary processes.
   J. Correlate interactions among biotic and abiotic components to
dynamics at various ecological levels.

III. Bioenergetics
   A. Compare and contrast different forms of energy used by organisms.
   B. Illustrate how the physical laws of thermodynamics apply at various
levels of biological organization.
   C. Relate cell membrane function to its structure.
   D. Explain the role of enzymes in metabolism.
   E. Apply concepts of enzyme activity to biological case studies.
   F. Extrapolate concepts of cellular respiration and photosynthesis to
movement of energy and nutrients in living systems. 

IV. Reproduction
   A. Compare and contrast modes of cellular reproduction between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
   B. Compare and contrast mitotic and meiotic cell division.
   C. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
relative to sexual reproduction.
   D. Relate results of cellular reproduction with outcomes at the level
of organismal reproduction.

V. Principles of Genetics
   A. Analyze basic patterns of inheritance in eukaryotic organisms.
   B. Apply the chromosomal theory of inheritance to patterns of
inheritance.
   C. Differentiate genetic from environmental influences on phenotype.
   D. Relate DNA to chromosomes.
   E. Illustrate the significance of complimentary base pairing for DNA
replication and protein synthesis.
   F. Explain how the information encoded in DNA influences the
phenotype.
   G. Infer the implications of mutation at various levels of biological
organization.
   H. Describe how DNA can be manipulated for various genetic
technologies.

VI. Evolution
   A. Predict the effects of various mechanisms of evolution on allele
frequencies in populations.
   B. Identify the conditions necessary for various mechanisms of
evolution to occur.
   C. Explain the significance of reproductive isolation in speciation.
   D. Compare and contrast basic modes of speciation.
   E. Relate classification to phylogeny.
   F. Describe the major processes that lead to patterns of evolution seen
among various organisms.
   G. Differentiate major lineages of organisms from one another.
   H. Explain the evolutionary and biological significance of defining
characteristics of major lineages of organisms.

VII. Principles of Ecology
   A. Differentiate abiotic environmental components from biotic
environmental components.
   B. Correlate interactions among biotic and abiotic environmental
components to dynamics at various ecological levels.
   C. Differentiate the various levels at which ecology is studied from
one another.
   D. Interpret ecological data presented in charts, graphs, and tables.
   E. Analyze the cost and benefits of various ecological strategies
employed by organisms.
   F. Illustrate ways in which humans are a biotic component of the
environment.
   G. Evaluate conservation strategies using concepts of genetics and
mechanisms of evolution.

VIII. Scientific Laboratory Skills
   A. Demonstrate use of technologies appropriate to laboratory and field
studies.
   B. Perform detailed observations of organisms and their environments in
both field and laboratory settings.
   C. Construct scientific hypotheses that give rise to testable
predictions.
   D. Design and perform scientific experiments and observation
protocols.
   E. Analyze quantitative data collected through observation and
experimentation.
   F. Interpret scientific data presented in charts, graphs, and tables.
   G. Draw conclusions from scientific data.

Course grade will be determined through exams, quizzes, practicals,
and additional assignments, which may include, papers, projects,
presentations, homework, etc.

Exams: 45-65% of final grade. At least three (3) exams will be given; if
more than four (4) are given and other designated criteria are met, one
exam may be dropped at the professor's discretion.

Practicals: 15% of final grade. Three (3) laboratory practicals will be
given, each worth 5% of the total course grade.

Quizzes: 5-25% of final grade.

Additional projects, papers, presentations, readings, etc.: 15-35% of
final grade.

Grading scale:
A = 90-100%
B = 80- 89%
C = 70- 79%
D = 60- 69%
F = below 60%

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Plant Cell and Mitosis
   A. Describe the plant cell organelles and the functions of each.
   B List the stages of mitosis in order and describe each stage.
   C. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
   D. Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

II. Prokaryotes
   A. List the three bacterial types and general bacterial
characteristics.
   B. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
   C. List the characteristics of blue-green bacteria and compare with
bacteria.
   D. Name three genera of blue-green bacteria.

III. Euglenoids and Diatoms
   A. Describe Euglena anatomy and list the functions of each organelle.
   B. Describe Diatoms and their reproduction.
   C. Reproduce the Vaucheria life cycle.
   D. Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction in diatoms.

IV. Chlorophyta
   A. Differentiate between six genera of green algae.
   B. Compare and contrast Spirogyr, Chlamydomonas and Fucus life cycles.
   C. Compare red and brown algae.
   D. List the number of species in each division.

V. Fungi
   A. List the characteristics of fungi.
   B. List the classification of fungi as to division and class.
   C. Describe lichens and differentiate between the three growth forms.
   D. List five economic uses of fungi.

VI. Bryophytes and Lower Vascular Plants
   A. Compare and contrast Marchantia and moss life cycles.
   B. Differentiate between bryophytes and moss life cycles.
   C. Compare Psilotophyta and Lycophyta.
   D. Describe the life cycle of Selanginella.

VII. Fern Allies and Gymnosperms
   A. Describe ferns and compare with Equisetum.
   B. Compare and contrast fern and pine life cycles.
   C. Differentiate seed plants from pteridophytes.
   D. List five economic uses of the Pinophyta.

VIII. Flowering Plants
   A. List all flower parts and describe their functions.
   B. Compare and contrast the various fruit types.
   C. Describe the life cycle of flowering plants.
   D. Compare and contrast Monocots and Dicots.

IX. Stems and Tissues
   A. Define the function of plant tissues.
   B. Describe the structure and function of stems.
   C. Compare woody and herbaceous dicots with monocot stems.
   D. List five examples of modified stems.

X. Roots and Leaves
   A. Describe root and leaf structure and function.
   B. Compare and contrast modified roots and leaves.
   C. Differentiate between tissues of roots and leaves.
   D. List five examples of specialized roots and leaves.

XI. Photosynthesis and Respiration
   A. Compare and list the differences between Light and Dark Reactions.
   B. List the steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
   C. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration.
   D. Compare and contrast the ATP gain in aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.

XII. Transpiration and Water Movement
   A. Describe the cohesion-tension theory and phloem transport.
   B. Differentiate between macro and micro nutrients.
   C. Describe tropisms and plant hormone reactions.
   D. Define transpiration.

XIII. Ecology
   A. Draw and label a tropic level pyramid.
   B. Describe the various plant biomes.
   C. List and describe four recycled products.
   D. Describe succession on land and water.

XIV. Taxonomy
   A. Use a dichotomous key for plants.
   B. Compare monocots and dicots.
   C. List several families of both monocots and dicots.
   D. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution.

XV. Evolution
   A. Describe the theory of Natural Selection as proposed by Charles
Darwin.
   B. List the geologic periods and years in order.
   C. Define Endosymbiotic Hypotheses.
   D. Compare plants and animals as to the period in which they
flourished.

   Weekly Tests             56% of grade
   Lab Practicals           37% of grade
   Scientific Paper          7% of grade
     Total                 100%

Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing
and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises
and projects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Cells and Mitosis
   A. Describe the structure and functions of the cell organelles
   B. List in order the stages of mitosis and the characteristics of each
stage
   C. Compare animal and plant cells
   D. Define diffusion, osmosis, and active transport

II. Architectural Patterns of Animals
   A. List and describe the stages of development from zygote to gastrula
   B. List in order the levels of organization from cell to biosphere
   C. Compare and contrast Protstomes and Deuterostomes
   D. List the seven ranks used in classification

III. Protozoa
   A. List the characteristics of protozoans
   B. Name the various phyla and give examples of each
   C. Compare and contrast the modes of locomotion
   D. List the seven ranks used in classification

IV. Porifera
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of proifera
   B. List the classes and their representatives
   C. Compare and contrast the modes of locomotion
   D. Describe the functions of the organelles used by protozoans

V. Cnidaria
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of cnidarians
   B. Name the classes and their representatives
   C. Compare polyp and medusa stages
   D. Describe the various cell types
 
VI. Platyhelminthes
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of flatworms
   B. Names the classes and their representatives
   C. Compare and contrast fluke and tapeworm life cycles
   D. Differentiate between free?living and parasitic forms

VII. Nematodes and Rotifers and Gastrotrichs
   A. List the characteristics of pseudocoelomates
   B. Name the phyla presented and list their representatives
   C. Compare and contrast the various nematode life cycles
   D. Define parthenogenesis and cell constancy   

VIII. Mollusca
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of mollusks
   B. Name the phyla presented and list their representatives
   C. Compare gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods
   D. Differentiate between torsion and coiling

IX. Annelida
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of annelids
   B. List the classes and their representatives
   C. Compare and contrast the three classes
   D. Describe earthworm reproduction

X. Arthropoda
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of arthropods
   B. List the representatives and their subphyla and classes
   C. Compare and contrast the various groups
   D. Differentiate between the three types of metamorphosis

XI. Chordata (Fish)
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of chordates
   B. List the subphyla and classes and their representatives
   C. Compare and contrast the various fish classes
   D. Differentiate between the types of scales

XII. Echinodermata
   A. List the characteristics and contributions of echinoderms
   B. Name the classes and their representatives
   C. Differentiate between the parts of the water vascular system
   D. Compare and contrast each system

XIII. Amphibias
   A. List and describe the various characteristics of amphibians
   B. Name the orders and their representatives
   C. Draw the frog life cycle and use time frames
   D. Describe the various chromatophores

XIV. Reptilia
   A. Describe and list the characteristics of reptiles
   B. List the orders and their representatives
   C. Compare and contrast the various orders
   D. List three ways the order crocodilia is unique

XV. Aves
   A. Describe and list the characteristics of birds
   B. List the parts of the feather
   C. Compare precocial and altricial birds
   D. Compare and contrast ratite and carinate birds

XVI. Mammalia
   A. Describe and list the characteristics of mammals
   B. List the orders and their representatives
   C. Compare reproduction in Monotremes, Marsupials and other mammals
   D. Differentiate between horns and antlers

   Grading:
      Weekly Test         61% of grade
      Lab Practicals      39% of grade
                         100%

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Overview and Basic Principles
   A. Describe the context and scope of public health, including history,
philosophy, literature, essential services, ethics, and applications to
current events.
      1. Review public health in historical and modern perspectives.
   B. Identify public health as a system.
      1. Explain the features of public health
      2. Review the definitions of public health
   C. Describe the role of the Public Health Workforce.

II. Epidemiologic principles. 
   A. Describe rates, risk factors, and health status indicators of
morbidity and mortality.
      1. Identify disease determinants and causation
      2. Describe the types of epidemiologic research. 
   B. Describe public health surveillance and vital statistics.
      1. Analyze and interpret epidemiological data and statistics.
      2. Identify population groups that experience health disparities
using epidemiological data and statistics.

III. Population Health Tools
   A. Describe health communication and informatics
      1. Access and evaluate the quality of health information and data in
the mass media.
      2. Describe the importance of culturally competent health
information
      3. Explain how culturally competent educational interventions are
designed for specific target populations.
      4. Explain how culturally competent educational interventions
improve health outcomes, including populations that experience health
disparities.
   B. Describe health and social and behavioral sciences.
      1. Explain the impact of diversity, ethnicity, culture and heritage
on health and illness.
      2. Explain the impact of social and behavioral health on health and
illness.
      3. Explain the impact of nutrition on health and illness.
      4. Describe the role of physical activity in maintaining health and
wellness.
      5. Identify educational interventions that target nutrition and
physical exercise as key components of health and wellness.
      6. Identify methods for altering behaviors at the individual and
population levels.
   C. Review Health policy, law, and ethics.
      1. Describe the tools for implementing health decisions.
      2. Identify the potential tensions between individual rights and
social responsibilities.
      3. Review the role of government and law in design and
implementation of public health policy.

IV. Disease and Disability: Determinants, Burdens and Interventions
   A. Review the role of environmental health and safety in public
health.
      1. Describe the environmental issues in public health including
chemicals and pesticides, air and water pollutants, and solid and
hazardous wastes.
      2. Describe the impact of food and drug safety on public health.
      3. Describe the impact of population growth and climate change on
public health.
   B. Review the role of infectious diseases in public health.
      1. Recognize the effects of infectious diseases on longevity and
quality of life.
      2. Explain the demographic distribution and epidemiology of
infectious diseases.
      3. Identify methods of prevention, detection, and control of
infectious diseases from a population perspective.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in
infectious disease prevention.
   C. Review the role of chronic diseases in public health.
      1. Recognize the effects of chronic diseases on longevity and
quality of life.
      2. Explain the demographic distribution and epidemiology of chronic
diseases.
      3. Identify methods to prevent, detect, treat, and minimize the
impact of chronic diseases.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in chronic
disease prevention and detection.
 
V. Healthcare and public health systems
   A. Describe the composition of the public health workforce.
      1. Explain the size and distribution of the public health
workforce.
      2. Explain the roles of public health workers.
      3. Describe the diverse nature of public health disciplines.
      4. Review the interdisciplinary nature of public health
professionals.
      5. Describe the employment options within the healthcare and public
health workforce.
   B. Review the organization of healthcare and public health systems
      1. Explain the institutions and structures of healthcare and public
health systems.
      2. Review the major national and international public health
infrastructures.
      3. Describe the roles and complementary responsibilities of
healthcare and public health systems.
      4. Explain the mechanisms, including insurance systems, for paying
for healthcare services.
   C. Identify the costs, quality, and access to healthcare and public
health services.
      1. Review the reasons for healthcare costs.
      2. Explain the criteria for healthcare quality. 
      3. Describe the effects of inadequate access to quality healthcare.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in
healthcare access.
   D. Describe public health preparedness and disaster management
      1. Identify the essential roles of public health in preparedness for
and response to natural or terrorism-related disasters
      2. Explain the bioterrorism threats to public health including
infectious diseases, threats to air and water quality and to the nation's
food supply.

VI. Special Public Health Education Focus Areas
   A. Describe health disparities and vulnerable populations
      1. Review public health's commitment to vulnerable populations.
      2. Identify specific health care areas of disparity including
maternal and child care, aging, persons with disabilities and minority
groups.
      3. Explain the impact of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations
on healthcare.
      4. Describe the role of cultural competence in designing health
education interventions for vulnerable populations.
   B. Review the role of public health in global health
      1. Describe the burden and distribution of disease on an
international level
      2. Identify the effects of globalization on public health
      3. Identify cross-national collaborations to find solutions for
global public health concerns.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in health
globally.

Evaluation of student mastery of course competencies will be
accomplished using the following methods: There will be a minimum of three
examinations and a final examination. Material for examinations may be
taken from the lectures, textbook, handouts, and other assignments such as
discussion board questions and homework. In addition, there will be at
least one project/presentation. Examinations 65 – 70%. Homework and
other assignments 30 – 35%.
 
Grading Scale:
  A =  90% - 100%
  B =  80% -  89%
  C =  70% -  79% 
  D =  60% -  69% 
  F =   0% -  59%

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Application of the Scientific Method

A. Construct testable hypotheses.

B. Design and conduct laboratory experiments.

C. Analyze and report experimental results.

II. Basic  Biochemical Foundations of Biological Organization

A. Distinguish between atoms and elements and list the six elements that compose over 90% of living matter.

B. Name the subatomic particles and relate the atom’s structure to its chemical properties.

C. Describe electron orbital configuration and how it affects an element’s reactivity.

D. Name the three types of chemical bonds and how each are formed.

E. Describe the mechanism of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

F. Identify the four major groups of organic molecules and describe their functions in cells.

III. The Cellular Structures and Their Functions

A. Describe the cell theory.

B. Differentiate between prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses.

C. Describe the advantages of specialization in eukaryotic cells.

D. Describe structure and function of a cell wall, plasma membrane and cytoskeleton.

E. Name and explain the functions of organelles comprising eukaryotic cells.

F. Describe the fluid mosaic model.

G. Describe the connection between structure and function in living systems.

IV. Basic Principles of Cellular Metabolism

A. Define energy and the laws of thermodynamics.

B. Explain the role of ATP as an energy coupler.

C. Outline the generalized formula for photosynthesis.

D. Describe the light-dependent and light-independent pathways of photosynthesis.

E. Relate the structure and function of a chloroplast.

F. Outline the generalized formula for aerobic respiration.

G. Describe glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation.

H. Relate the structure and function of a mitochondrion.

I. Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

V. Forms of Cell Division

A. Describe binary fission.

B. List the stages of the cell cycle.

C. Describe the phases of mitosis and meiosis.

D. Compare the results of mitosis and meiosis.

E. Differentiate between nuclear division and cytokinesis.

F. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.

G. Describe reproduction and development in plants and animals.

VI. The Basic Principles of Mendelian and Molecular Genetics

A. Explain the Mendelian principles of heredity.

B. Relate the steps of meiosis to the Mendelian principles of heredity.

C. Describe inheritance patterns including dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis and pleiotropy.

D. Outline the steps in DNA replication.

E. Describe transcription and translation.

F. Describe the mechanisms that cause mutations.

G. Explain how genes are regulated in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

H. Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which allele frequencies change within a population and analyze the genetic outcomes of such mechanisms.

I. Identify the methods utilized in genetic engineering.

VII. Proper Use of Scientific Equipment in a Laboratory Setting

A. Operate microscopes and other biological equipment properly and safely.

B. Make wet mount slides for use in microscopy.

C. Perform measurements using the metric system.

D. Collect and analyze data using appropriate technology.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Orientation to Human Anatomy

A. List the levels of organization, giving examples of each.

B. Discuss anatomical terminology.

1. Explain the origins of our present day terminology.

2. Describe the process of word analysis, and define and give examples of combining terms, prefixes and suffixes.

C. Identify the planes of reference and descriptive terms for body positions.

D. Outline the body cavities and describe their contents and membranes.

II. The Body’s Microscopic Organization

A. Cytology

1. Relate the cell theory.

2. Recognize parts of the typical cell and describe their functions.

3. Define the cell cycle.

a. State the significance of the cell cycle.

b. List the stages of mitosis and give their distinguishing characteristics.

B. Histology

1. Classify tissues and list their functions.

2. Describe epithelial tissues.

a. Classify types of epithelia.

b. Describe types of membranes.

c. List the types of glands.

3. Describe connective tissues and their functions.

a. Define the types of connective tissue propers.

b. Describe the supporting connective tissues.

c. Describe the specialized connective tissue and blood.

4. Describe muscular tissues.

5. Describe nervous tissues.

6. Recognize neurons and their parts.

7. List the neuroglia and their functions.

III. Protection, Support and Movement

A. The integumentary system

1. List the functions of the integumentary system.

2. Identify the layers and their histology.

3. Discuss derivatives of the epidermis.

B. The skeletal system

1. List the functions of the skeletal system.

2. Describe bone structure.

a. Classify bones into types based on their structure.

b. Define the major surface bone markings.

c. Identify the structures of a longitudinal section of a long bone.

3. Distinguish between the two types of bone growth.

a. Discuss endochondral ossification.

b. Discuss intramembranous ossification.

4. Define the axial skeleton.

a. Identify the elements of the skull and the major surface features of each.

b. Classify the vertebrae by their regional characteristics.

c. Identify the elements of the vertebral column and the major features of each.

d. Identify the elements of the rib cage and their major surface features.

e. Classify the articulated ribs as true, false or floating.

5. Define the appendicular skeleton.

a. Compare and contrast the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

1) Identify the elements of the pectoral girdle and the major surface features of each.

2) Identify the elements of the pelvic girdle and the major surface features of each.

b. Compare and contrast the upper and lower extremities.

1) Identify the elements of the upper extremity and the major surface features of each.

2) Identify the elements of the lower extremity and the major surface features of each.

C. Articulations

1. Discuss the classification of joints.

a. Explain the structural categories of joints.

b. Explain the functional categories of joints.

2. Identify and describe examples of synarthroses.

3. Identify and describe examples of amphiarthroses.

4. Identify and describe examples of diarthroses.

a. Discuss characteristics of synovial joints.

b. List and discuss the six types of synovial joints.

c. Define the various types of movements that occur at synovial joints.

D. The muscular system

1. Describe fascial elements.

2. List the functions and general properties of muscle tissue.

3. Describe the structure of skeletal muscles.

4. Discuss the components and functions of a neuromuscular junction.

5. Explain the various bases for naming muscles.

6. Recognize the major muscles of the head and neck.

7. Recognize the major muscles of the body wall.

8. Recognize the major muscles of the upper extremity.

9. Recognize the major muscles of the lower extremity.

IV. Integration and Coordination

A. Organization of the nervous system

1. Explain the major anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system.

2. Identify the primary components of the central nervous system.

3. Identify the primary components of the peripheral nervous system.

4. Identify the primary components of the autonomic nervous system.

B. Histology of the nervous system.

1. Describe the principal structures and functions of neurons.

a. Classify the various types of neurons structurally.

b. Classify the various types of neurons functionally.

2. Identify and discuss the functions and locations of the various types of neuroglia.

C. The central nervous system

1. Discuss the structures and functions of the spinal cord.

a. Identify the major structures of the spinal cord.

b. Identify and explain the major ascending and descending pathways.

2. Discuss the structures and functions of the brain.

a. Explain the principal structures of the brain to their general functions.

b. Relate the principal structures of the brain to their general functions.

1) List the functions of the telencephalon.

2) List the functions of the diencephalons.

3) List the functions of the mesencephalon.

4) List the functions of the metencephalon.

5) List the functions of the myelencephalon.

c. Explain the role of the meninges in protecting the central nervous system.

1) Describe the general structure of the meningeal layers.

2) Identify each of the major dural reflections around the brain.

d. Discuss cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space.

1) Describe the processes and structure involved in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

2) Trace the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the central nervous system.

D. Special senses

1. Examine the general anatomical structures involved with the special senses.

a. Identify the major olfactory structures and discuss their functions.

b. Describe the major gustatory structures and discuss their functions.

c. Describe the major visual structures and discuss their functions.

d. Describe the major structures of hearing and balance and discuss their functions.

2. Compare and contrast the special and general senses.

E. Peripheral nervous system

1. Name the cranial nerves, identify their distribution and summarize their functions.

2. Examine a cross-section of a spinal nerve, identify the origin and distribution of the spinal nerves and summarize their function.

3. Recognize the major nerve plexuses and identify the parts of the body that they serve.

4. Recognize the major nerves of the upper extremity, the lower extremity, the body wall and the head and neck.

5. Determine the functional impairment resulting from denervation.

6. Describe a simple reflex arc.

F. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

1. Describe effectors, preganglionic neurons, postganglionic neurons and ganglia.

2. Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS in structure and function.

3. Identify the ANS centers of control found in the central nervous system.

4. List the effects of the ANS on the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

G. The endocrine system

1. Characterize the location, secretions and targets of the major endocrine glands.

2. Examine central nervous system control and the endocrine glands.

V. Maintenance of the Body and of the Species

A. Circulatory system

1. List the major components of the cardiovascular system.

2. Identify major blood elements such as plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

3. Identify the pericardium and layers of the heart wall, the chambers and valves, electrical excitation by conductive tissue, two major circulatory routes (pulmonary and systemic).

4. Describe coronary and fetal circulation.

5. Compare the histology of arteries and veins.

6. Name the principal arteries of the extremities, body wall, head and neck, visceral organs and the brain.

7. Name the principal veins of the extremities, body wall, head and neck, visceral organs and the brain.

8. Identify lymph vessels, lymph nodes and the major lymphoid organs.

B. Respiratory system

1. List the functions of the respiratory system.

2. Identify the parts of the conducting division and describe their functions.

a. Nose

b. Paranasal sinuses

c. Pharynx

d. Larynx

e. Trachea

f. Bronchial tree

3. Identify the parts of the respiratory division and describe their functions.

a. Alveolar ducts

b. Alveolar sacs

c. Alveoli

4. Describe the lungs, their surfaces and pleurae.

5. Explain the mechanics of breathing.

a. Identify the muscles involved in breathing and their actions.

1) Explain inspiration.

2) Explain expiration.

b. Describe control of respiration.

C. Digestive system

1. List the general functions and activities of the digestive system.

2. Describe the mechanical and chemical aspects of digestion.

3. List the serous membranes and tunics of the gastrointestinal tract.

a. Identify the peritoneum and its reflections.

b. Identify the layers (tunics) of the alimentary canal.

4. List the structures and major functions of the digestive system in the head and neck.

a. Identify the oral cavity.

b. Identify the teeth.

c. Identify the salivary glands.

d. Recognize the pharynx and its parts.

e. Identify the esophagus.

5. List the structures and major functions of the digestive system in the abdomen.

a. Describe the alimentary canal and the layers of its organs.

1) Identify the stomach and its layers.

2) Identify the small intestine and its regions.

3) Identify the large intestine and its regions.

b. Describe the accessory organs and the ducts associated with them.

1) Identify the liver.

2) Identify the gallbladder.

3) Identify the pancreas.

D. Urinary system

1. List the general functions and physiological processes of the urinary system.

2. List the structures of the urinary system.

a. Recognize the kidney and describe its functions.

1) Identify gross features of the kidney.

2) Describe microscopic structures of a nephron.

a) Recognize renal blood vessels.

b) Recognize urinary tubules.

c) Explain micturition.

E. Reproduction system

1. List the functions of the reproductive system.

a. Identify the primary sex organs.

1) Explain gamete production.

2) Identify major sex hormones and site of production.

b. Identify secondary sex organs.

c. List secondary sex characteristics.

2. Recognize male reproductive parts.

a. Describe the structure and function of the testis.

b. Describe the structure and function of the spermatic ducts, accessory glands and penis.

c. Explain the mechanisms of erection, emission and ejaculation.

3. Recognize female reproductive parts.

a. Describe the structure and function of the ovaries.

b. Describe the structure and function of the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and vulva.

c. Explain the mechanisms of erection and orgasm.

d. Describe mammary gland anatomy.

4. List the homologies between male and female reproductive structures.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Body Organization.

A. Define anatomy and physiology.

B. Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology.

C. List the characteristics of life.

D. List the factors required for maintenance of life.

E. Use accepted anatomical terminology to describe body positions, sections, and regions.

F. Locate major body cavities.

G. Identify membranes.

H. Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

I. Identify vital signs.

J. Define homeostasis and summarize its significance.

K. Describe the systemic approach of study of the human body and organize the body in this format.

II. Cytology

A. Identify the human cell.

B. Identify the structures of the human cell.

C. List the functions of principle cell structures.

D. Summarize the Cell Theory.

E. Explain physiological movements through cell membranes.

F. Identify the stages of cell division in human cells.

G. Demonstrate proper staining of a human cell.

H. Identify prepared cells upon presentation.

I. Define common cytological terms.

III. Histology

A. Identify human tissues types upon presentation.

B. Categorize human tissues.

C. Describe the functions of each tissue type.

D. List locations of tissue types in the body.

E. Explain how glands are classified.

F. Define common histological terms.

IV. Integumentary System

A. List functions of the skin.

B. Identify the regions of the skin.

C. Identify organs of the integumentary system upon presentation.

D. List functions of the integumentary organs.

E. Describe factors involved in skin color.

F. Distinguish anomalies and pathologies of skin.

G. Define common dermatological terms.

V. Skeletal System

A. List functions of the skeletal system.

B. Identify bone structures.

C. Classify bones according to their shape.

D. Summarize bone growth and remodeling.

E. Recognize divisions of the skeleton.

F. Identify bones of the skeleton.

G. Identify foramina and processes of bones.

H. Distinguish anomalies and pathologies of bone.

I. Describe the effects of hormones that act on bone.

J. Classify joints based on structure and movement.

K. Identify joints.

L. Distinguish pathologies of joints.

VI. Muscular System

A. List the functions of the muscular system.

B. Identify structures within skeletal muscle.

C. Describe how muscles structure is organized.

D. Identify the muscle organs of the human body upon presentation.

E. Summarize the events of muscular contraction.

F. Explain how energy is supplied to muscle.

G. Summarize muscle fatigue.

H. Explain the effect of oxygen on muscle.

I. Describe how exercise affects skeletal muscle.

J. Identify the three types of muscle.

K. Summarize muscle group function.

L. Define common terms associated with muscle and kinesiology.

M. Distinguish common muscle pathologies.

VII. Nervous System

A. List the functions of the nervous system.

B. Describe how nervous tissue is organized.

C. Identify the types of nerve cells.

D. List functions of nerve cells.

E. Identify structures within nerve cells.

F. Explain how an injured nerve may regenerate.

G. Explain nerve cell potentials.

H. Summarize the events at a synapse.

I. Distinguish between types of post synaptic potentials.

J. List factors that affect post synaptic potentials.

K. List the components of the reflex arc.

L. Summarize the importance of nerve pathway organization.

M. Identify the meninges.

N. Distinguish between CNS and PNS.

O. Identify the organs of the CNS.

P. Identify the major parts of the brain and spinal cord.

Q. List the functions of the organs of the CNS.

R. Distinguish association areas of the cerebral cortex.

S. Distinguish between ANS and SNS.

T. Summarize the functions of the ANS.

U. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

V. Identify the nerves of the PNS.

W.    Distinguish common nervous system pathologies.

X. Identify special senses.

VIII. Endocrine System

A. Identify organs that secrete hormones.

B. Classify glands based on structure.

D. Classify glands based on function.

E. Explain hormone pathways and regulation.

IX. Cardiovascular System

A. Identify the components of blood upon presentation.

B. List the functions of each type of blood cell.

C. Explain control of red blood cell production.

D. List the functions of blood plasma.

E. Summarize blood typing procedures.

F. Summarize the events in coagulation.

G. Identify the structures of the heart.

H. Describe the pathway of blood through the heart chambers.

I. Explain heart contraction.

J. Summarize the events of the conduction system.

K. Identify common physiological tests.

L. Perform vital signs.

M. Identify the types of blood vessels.

N. Locate major arteries and veins of the body.

O. List functions of each type of blood vessel.

P. Distinguish common heart, blood, and vessel anomalies using standard medical reports.

Q. Define terminology used in the medical community relating to cardiovascular care.

X. Digestive System

A. Identify digestive organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. Distinguish between alimentary canal organs and accessory organs.

C. List and explain the functions of the digestive system.

D. List the functions of each digestive organ.

E. Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are moved.

F. Describe common pathologies of digestive organs.

G. Summarize factors that affect digestion.

XI. Respiratory System

A. Identify respiratory organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. Summarize the events in inspiration and expiration.

C. List and explain the functions of the respiratory system.

E. Define common respiratory ailments.

F. List nonrespiratory air movements.

G. Classify respiratory organs as upper or lower tract.

H. Explain the exchange of gases at the alveolar level.

I. Distinguish common breathing anomalies using standard medical reports.

J. Identify clinical pathologies of the respiratory system.

XII. Urinary System

A. Identify urinary organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. List and explain the functions of the urinary system.

C. Trace the pathway of blood through the kidney.

D. Explain the events of urine formation.

E. Summarize the events of micturition.

F. Identify common anomalies of the urinary system.

XIII. Reproductive System

A. Identify reproductive organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. List the functions of each reproductive organ.

C. Identify analogous organs of both gender systems.

D. Explain how hormones control sexual characteristics.

E. Trace the complete path of sperm cells.

F. Trace the complete path of an egg through fertilization and pregnancy.

G. Identify common STDs.

H. Lymphatic System.

I. Identify lymphatic organs.

J. List the functions of the lymphatic system.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Identify and Describe the External Anatomy of the Cat, including:
   A. The external surface structures, regions and landmarks.
   B. The fore and hind appendages and their landmarks.

II. Locate by Dissection and Describe the Principal Organs and Organ
Systems of the Cat, including the:   
   A. Prominent muscles of the muscular system
   B. Digestive system
   C. Urogenital system
   D. Circulatory system
   E. Respiratory system
   F. Nervous system

III. Locate by Dissection and Identify the Specific Structures of Selected
Cow Organs, including the:
   A. Kidney.
   B. Heart.
   C. Brain and eye.

IV. Describe the Comparative Anatomy of the Cat, including:
   A. The external anatomy of the cat and the human.
   B. Each of the organs and organ systems of the cat and the human.
   C. Selected organs of the cat and the cow including the kidney, heart,
brain and eye.

V. Demonstrate Effective Dissection Techniques and Procedures Required for
the Gross Study of the Cat, including:
   A. Proper use and handling of equipment.
   B. Dissection techniques to avoid damage to discrete anatomical
structure.
   C. Proper labeling and note taking.
   D. Preservation and display of the dissected animal and its
organs.

Laboratory tests using the actual dissection animals and organs will
be given during the course of the semester.  These exams will be short
answer questions based on organ identification.  Each exam will include
descriptive questions from the objectives given for each outline topic. 

      Tests                  90-100% of grade
      Dissection technique    0- 10% of grade
      Total                     100%   

Grading Scale:
   A = 90% - 100%
   B = 80% -  89%
   C = 70% -  79%
   D = 60% -  69%
   F =  0% -  59%

Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing
and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises
and projects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Evolution

A. Differentiate evolution from the mechanisms by which it occurs.

B. Identify the various mechanisms by which evolution can occur.

C. Predict expected outcomes of the various mechanisms of evolution.

D. Assess whether all evolution is adaptive.

E. Explain why a phylogenetic tree is a testable hypothesis of evolutionary relationships.

F. Identify the various types and sources of data used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees.

G. Interpret phylogenetic trees.

H. Differentiate monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups.

I. Relate taxonomic classification to phylogeny.

II. Prokaryotes and Viruses

A. Assess the taxonomic validity of “Prokaryota” using current phylogenies.

B. Describe methods of reproduction used by these groups.

C. Describe major structures present in each group and relate these to their function.

D. Explain the function and significance of endospores.

E. Discuss ways in which cyanobacteria contribute to nitrogen fixation and explain its ecological importance.

F. Differentiate the major groups of bacteria.

G. Compare and contrast archaeans, bacteria, viroids, viruses and prions.

H. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of bacteria, viroids, viruses and prions.

III. Algal Protistans

A. Assess the taxonomic validity of “algae” using current phylogenies.

B. Differentiate the major groups of algal protistans.

C. Describe major structures present in each group and relate these to their function.

D. Identify the predominant nutritional mode employed by most algae.

E. Discuss the importance of various groups of algae as producers in freshwater and marine ecosystems.

F. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by algae.

G. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of algae.

IV. Protozoan Protistans and Porifera

A. Differentiate the major groups of protozoan protistans.

B. Describe major structures present in protozoans and sponges and relate these to their function.

C. Identify the predominant nutritional mode employed by most protozoan protistans.

D. Compare and contrast structures used for locomotion by protozoan protistans.

E. Explain recent changes to protozoan protistan classification using current phylogenies.

F. Differentiate the major classes of sponges.

G. Compare and contrast the three major canal systems found in sponges.

H. Describe sponge feeding and explain how the structure of the choanocytes facilitates this process.

I. Discuss the phylogenetic controversy surrounding sponges’ relationships to each other and to other animals.

J. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by protozoan protistans and sponges.

K. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of protozoan protistans and sponges.

V. Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Platyzoa

A. Differentiate the classes of cnidarians.

B. Describe major structures present in cnidarians, ctenophores and flatworms and relate these to their function.

C. Relate cnidarians’ structure to their body symmetry and contrast this with structure and body symmetry found in platyhelminths.

D. Explain the function of cnidocytes and relate this to their structure.

E. Differentiate cnidarian polyps and medusae and relate these to the asexual and sexual processes used by members of this phylum.

F. Compare and contrast cnidarians and ctenophores.

G. Discuss the phylogenetic controversy surrounding cnidarians’ and ctenophores’ relationship to each other and to other animals and explain the implications for the evolution of complex organ systems (e.g., the nervous system).

H. Differentiate the classes of flatworms.

I. Explain the importance of certain flatworms as parasites and describe the special structures they use to facilitate this life cycle strategy.

J. Describe the roles of and strategies used to achieve, the asexual and sexual portions of flatworm parasite life cycles.

K. Describe parthenogenesis in rotifers.

L. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of flatworms and discuss the implications for flatworm classification.

M. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of cnidarians and flatworms.

VI. Mollusca and Annelida

A. Differentiate the major classes of molluscs.

B. Describe major structures present in molluscs and annelids and relate these to their function.

C. Differentiate direct and indirect development strategies employed during sexual reproduction in both molluscs and annelids.

D. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems and relate these to animals’ metabolism and activity levels.

E. Identify regions of uncertainty in mollusc phylogeny.

F. Differentiate the traditionally recognized groups of annelids.

G. Analyze the costs and benefits of metamerism.

H. Identify various structures used to achieve respiration in molluscs and annelids and relate these to the animals’ habitats and lifestyles.

I. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of annelids and discuss the implications for annelid classification.

J. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of molluscs and annelids.

VII. Nematoda and Arthropoda

A. Differentiate the three types of coeloms and identify coelom types found in nematodes and arthropods.

B. Describe major structures present in nematodes and arthropods and relate these to their function.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by nematodes and arthropods.

D. Describe ecdysis.

E. Explain the importance of certain nematodes as parasites and describe the special structures they use to facilitate this life cycle strategy.

F. Describe the hosts and strategies parasitic nematodes use to achieve such life cycles.

G. Analyze physical and behavioral characteristics of arthropods hypothesized to contribute to their great abundance and diversity.

H. Differentiate the subphyla and selected classes of arthropods.

I. Differentiate nutritional strategies employed by arthropods.

J. Differentiate direct and indirect development strategies employed during sexual reproduction in insects.

K. Discuss ecdysozoan phylogeny.

L. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of nematodes and arthropods.

VIII. Echinodermata and Chordata

A. Differentiate the major classes of echinoderms.

B. Describe major structures present in echinoderms and chordates and relate these to their function.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by echinoderms and chordates.

D. Discuss the role and importance of the water vascular system in echinoderms.

E. Discuss echinoderm phylogeny.

F. Describe the five chordate synapomorphies.

G. Differentiate the subphyla, superclasses and selected classes of chordates.

H. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of chordates and discuss the implications for chordate classification.

I. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of echinoderms and chordates.

IX. Amphibia and Non-Avian Reptilia

A. Differentiate the orders of amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

B. Describe the major structures present in amphibians and non-avian reptiles and relate these to their function.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

D. Explain paedomorphosis.

E. Explain the roles of various structures found in the amphibian integumentary system.

F. Discuss amphibian phylogeny.

G. Differentiate anapsid, diapsid and synapsid skull architectures.

H. Analyze the costs and benefits of the amniotic egg.

I. Compare and contrast amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

J. Compare and contrast oviparous, ovoviviparous and viviparous strategies employed during sexual reproduction.

K. Explain why tuataras are considered “living fossils.”

L. Assess the taxonomic validity of “Reptilia” using current phylogenies.

M. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of non-avian reptiles and discuss the implications for both “reptilian” and avian classification.

N. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

X. Aves and Mammalia

A. Discuss hypotheses about the origin of birds and mammals using current phylogenies.

B. Differentiate paleognath and neognath birds.

C. Describe the major structures present in birds and mammals and relate these to their functions.

D. Describe various sexual reproduction strategies employed by birds and mammals.

E. Differentiate major types of feathers.

F. Describe the structure of contour feathers.

G. Compare and contrast avian and mammalian circulatory structure and function.

H. Identify modifications to avian morphology to accommodate flight.

I. Differentiate the major orders of mammals.

J. Describe major components of mammalian pelage.

K. Differentiate horns and antlers.

L. Compare and contrast major types of glands found in mammals.

M. Describe nutritional strategies employed by various groups of mammals and relate these to dentition.

N. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of birds and mammals.

XI. Fungi and Bryophytes

A. Describe the major structures present in fungi and bryophytes and relate these to their functions.

B. Differentiate major groups of fungi.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by fungi.

D. Relate fungal hyphae to the mycelium and mushroom.

E. Compare and contrast specialized structures employed during sexual reproduction by major fungal groups.

F. Analyze the importance of the role of each partner in a lichen and in a mycorrhiza.

G. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of fungi and discuss the implications for fungal classification.

H. Explain the generalized alternation of generations life cycle.

I. Assess the taxonomic validity of “bryophytes” using current phylogenies.

J. Differentiate the phyla of bryophytes.

K. Compare and contrast specialized structures employed during alternation of generations in different bryophyte phyla.

L. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of fungi and bryophytes.

XII. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

A. Assess the taxonomic validity of “pteridophytes” and “gymnosperms” using current phylogenies.

B. Describe the major structures present in pteridophytes and gymnosperms and relate these to their functions.

C. Compare and contrast specialized structures employed during alternation of generations in different pteridophyte and gymnosperm phyla.

D. Differentiate the phyla of pteridophytes.

E. Differentiate homospory and heterospory.

F. Differentiate the phyla of gymnosperms.

G. Explain the evolutionary significance of seeds.

H. Describe the three major components of seeds.

I. Analyze the costs and benefits of dispersal via spores versus seeds.

J. Identify gymnosperm structures that allowed them to be successful in drier habitats.

K. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

XIII. Angiosperms

A. Differentiate major groups of angiosperms.

B. Describe major specialized structures employed during alternation of generations in angiosperms and relate these to their functions.

C. Relate floral characteristics to method of pollination.

D. Differentiate major fruit types.

E. Relate fruit characteristics to method of dispersal.

F. Describe seed germination.

G. Explain the adaptive significance of seed dormancy.

H. Describe the three primary tissue systems.

I. Describe the major structures present in roots, stems and leaves of angiosperms and relate these to their functions.

J. Analyze the adaptive significance of specialized roots, stems and leaves.

K. Analyze the costs and benefits of an evergreen versus a deciduous leaf replacement strategy.

L. Differentiate the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

M. Explain the importance of bark and identify its components.

N. Describe secondary growth in woody stems.

O. Describe current understanding of angiosperm phylogeny and relate it to angiosperm classification.

P. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of angiosperms.

XIV. Ecology

A. Differentiate biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

B. Differentiate populations, communities and ecosystems.

C. Analyze trophic structure within a given community using appropriate terminology.

D. Describe major chemical cycles.

E. Compare and contrast major interspecific interactions.

F. Differentiate primary and secondary succession.

G. Describe the major terrestrial biomes using both biotic and abiotic characteristics.

H. Evaluate the importance of maintaining biodiversity.

XV. Laboratory Skills

A. Document detailed observations of organisms from the microscopic to the macroscopic and ecological levels.

B. Demonstrate proper use of microscopes.

C. Apply quantitative measurement skills incorporating the metric system.

D. Interpret and communicate data using appropriate analytical and statistical skills.

E. Identify unknown organisms using credible sources.

F. Relate structures across varied delivery methods (e.g., models, microscope slides, specimens, etc.).

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Foundations of Biotechnology

A. Define biotechnology with examples.

B. Develop a timeline of important discoveries in biotechnology.

C. Describe the key experiments that led to important discoveries.

1. Germ theory

2. Antibiotic production

3. Structure of DNA

4. Restriction enzymes and ligases

5. Recombinant insulin

6. Polymerase Chain Reaction

7. Genetically modified plants

8. Human Genome Project

9. CRISPR cloning

II. Career Development in Biotechnology

A. Describe the current regional workforce in biotechnology.

1. Research job openings

2. Describe skills needed

B. Develop a portfolio of biotechnology experience.

1. Create a resume

2. Document biotechnology skills

3. Personal statement creation

III. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

A. Appropriately use an SOP.

B. Evaluate an SOP for elements of clarity, safety and documentation.

C. Write an SOP for a biotechnology procedure.

IV. Reagents and Solutions

A. Measure reagents accurately.

B. Create appropriate solutions for laboratory work.

C. Create stock solutions and appropriate dilutions.

V. Quantitative Skills for Biotechnology

A. Calculate reagents needed for solutions.

B. Determine purity of nucleic acids and proteins.

C. Evaluate the values of calibration tests.

VI. Quality Control

A. Select appropriate assays to measure quality of a solution.

B. Perform protocols to determine quality of a solution.

C. Evaluate the results of quality tests.

VII. Culture of Cells

A. Prepare sterile media.

B. Culture prokaryotic cells aseptically.

C. Evaluate purity of prokaryotic cell culture with streak plating.

D.  Culture  eukaryotic cells aseptically.

E. Evaluate sources of contamination in cell culture.

VIII. Identifying Genetic Elements

A. Design of primers for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

B. Optimize conditions for PCR.

C. Set up sequencing reactions.

D. Explain sequencing chemistry.

E. Evaluate sequencing results.

IX. Biotechnology Product Production

A. Design a project to produce a protein.

B. Produce protein using cell culture.

C. Purify protein product.

D. Evaluate purity of protein product.

X. Instrumentation

A. Use instrumentation in the biotechnology lab safely.

1. Spectrophotometer

2. Laminar flow hoods

3. Thermocycler

4. Electrophoresis equipment

5. Incubators

6. Bioreactor

B. Maintain and clean instrumentation in the biotechnology laboratory.

1. Spectrophotometer

2. Laminar flow hoods

3. Thermocycler

4. Electrophoresis equipment

5. Incubators

6. Bioreactor

XI.  Biotechnology Communication

A. Present a biotechnology project to an audience.

B. Assist participants in completing an SOP related to biotechnology.

C. Communicate skills needed in biotechnology.

D. Communicate the role of biotechnology in medicine.

XII. Ethical Implications of Biotechnology

A. Discuss the ethical considerations in biotechnology.

B. Describe multiple points of view to ethical issues in biotechnology.

C. Locate resources that discuss the ethics of biotechnology use.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction to Genetics
   A. Identify important people and events in the history of genetics.
   B. Define the main areas of genetics such as molecular genetics,
transmission genetics and population genetics.
II. Cellular Basis of Structure and Growth
   A. Compare Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells.
   B. Review reproductive and development processes.
      1. Compare the processes and significance of mitosis and meiosis.
      2. Define development: growth and differentiation.
III. Mendelian Genetics: Basic Principles of Inheritance
   A. Discuss Mendel's research on pea plants.
      1. Solve problems involving dominant and recessive traits using Punnett Squares.
      2. Apply Mendel's Laws of Dominance, Segregation and Independent Assortment.
   B. Apply basic probability concepts to solve genetics problems.
   C. Solve problems involving multiple alleles to include human blood groups.
   D. Solve problems involving polygenic inheritance.
   E. Calculate gene frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg Law.
IV. Human Genetics
   A. Analyze pedigree diagrams.
      1. Recognize pedigree symbols.
      2. Calculate simple probabilities related to pedigree analysis.
      3. Analyze autosomal pedigrees of recessive inheritance.
      4. Analyze autsomal pedigrees of dominant inheritance.
      5. Analyze pedigree of sex-linked traits.
   B. Describe the outcomes of genetic counseling.
   C. Use online and library resources related to human genetics.
V. Human Sexuality
   A. Review the female reproductive system and make reproductive systems.
   B. Compare spermatogenesis in the male with oogenesis in the female.
   C. Compare development of male and female genotypes.
   D. Describe genetic sexual disorders, including:
      1. Single gene disorders, such as pseudohermaphroditism and testicular pominization and chromosomal disorders, such as
         a. Turner's Syndrome
         b. Klinefelter's Syndrome
         c. XYY Males
VI. Reproductive Technologies and Choices
   A. Describe birth technologies, such as:
      1. Artificial insemination
      2. Surrogate motherhood
      3. In-Vitro fertilization
   B. Describe prenatal diagnosis, including:
      1. Amniocentesis
      2. Chorionic Villus sampling
   C. Compare different bioethical considerations related to new reproductive technologies and choices.
VII. Informational Macromolecules
   A. Review the chemistry of amino acids, proteins and enzymes.
   B. Describe and discuss DNA, and the following functions of genetic material:
      1. Transformation
      2. Transduction
      3. Structure and replication of DNA
   C. Describe RNA and protein synthesis to include:
      1. Messenger and Transfer RNA
      2. Protein synthesis
   D. Illustrate the basic mechanisms of gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
VIII. Variation
   A. Discuss examples of genetic variation, including:
      1. Dominance and recessiveness (Phenylketonuria)
      2. Expressivity (Diabetes)
      3. Penetrance (Polydactyly)
      4. Delayed Onset (Huntington's Chorea)
      5. Co-Dominance (Human Blood Groups)
      6. Epistasis (Congenital Deafness)
   B. Discuss examples of variation caused by environment.
IX. Mutations
   A. Describe different chromosomal mutations, including:
      1. Deletions
      2. Duplications
      3. Inversions
      4. Translocations
      5. Downs Syndrome
   B. Describe types of gene mutations, including:
      1. Point mutations
      2. Frameshift mutations
      3. Spontaneous mutations
      4. Causes of mutations
   C. Discuss the genetic basis of many cancers including the role of:
      1. Oncogenes
      2. Tumor suppressor genes
      3. Chemical mutagens/carcinogens
      4. Radiation and other environmental factors
X. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
   A. Describe the main application areas of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture and other areas of society.
   B. Describe basic techniques used in recombinant DNA.
   C. Explain the basic principles behind the technologies involved in gene amplification and sequencing.
   D. Discuss ethical considerations of new technologies.
XI. Laboratory and Research Skills
   A. Demonstrate familiarity with the use of online biotechnology resources.
   B. Identify basic modes of Mendelian inheritance in selected species.
   C. Demonstrate basic techniques for staining and studying chromosomes.
   D. Use appropriate statistical and quantitative techniques such as chi-square
      tests in hypothesis testing.
   E. Demonstrate principles and proper techniques associated with modern genetic tools such as electrophoresis, and DNA amplification.
   F. Critically interpret information obtained using modern genetic techniques.
   G. Demonstrate elementary techniques associated with the use of key experimental organisms in modern genetic analysis and biotechnology such as bacteria, yeast and Drosophila.
   H. Use appropriate laboratory safety skills and sterile technique.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Teaching as a Career

A. Determine suitability/interest in teaching as a career through thoughtful self-reflection.

B. Explore pathways to a career in teaching.

C. Identify personal learning styles and discuss their implications for classroom interactions.

II. Strategies for Practical Lesson Design

A. Design and deliver inquiry-based hands-on lessons.

B. Write performance objectives for each lesson, including mathematics and/or science connections, and appropriate assessments for those objectives.

C. Use technology and the Internet to enhance classroom lessons, collaborate, and communicate.

III. Concepts and Components of Teaching Theory

A. Identify instructional strategies that meet the needs of diverse learners.

B. Distinguish between learner-centered and teacher-centered instructional strategies.

C. Discuss state and national science and mathematics standards and their implications for curriculum decisions.

D. Identify current issues in the theory and practice of teaching.

IV. Components of a Field Experience

A. Observe a math-science lesson taught by a cooperating teacher.

B. Interact with a population of diverse student learners in a school setting while teaching a lesson in an elementary school classroom.

C. Receive and synthesize feedback from a cooperating teacher as a peer and mentoring colleague in order to improve techniques.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Practical Lesson Design

A. Design inquiry-based lessons using the 5E Instructional Model.

B. Write measurable performance objectives for each lesson.

C. Develop applicable pre- and post-assessments for the performance objectives.

D. Analyze student data acquired through pre- and post-assessments to improve future lesson planning.

E. Incorporate technology into at least one lesson in a manner that encourages enhanced student interaction and learning.

II. Teaching Theory

A. Identify instructional approaches that meet the needs of diverse middle school learners.

B. Develop questioning strategies to effectively interact with students with varying abilities and learning styles in a middle school classroom.

C. Develop achievable solutions to preserve instructional equity in the classroom environment.

III. Field Experience

A. Reflect upon observations of lessons taught by an experienced math/science teacher.

B. Teach three inquiry-based lessons to a middle school math or science class.

C. Use probing questions to elicit feedback to determine students’ acquisition of knowledge.

D. Synthesize feedback from both mentor teachers and master teachers in order to improve teaching techniques.

E. Reflect on teaching experiences in order to enhance future classroom interactions.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Molecular physiology

A. Classes of organic molecules

1. List and describe the classes of organic molecules, including: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and mixed classes of organic molecules.

2. Explain the meaning of ions/cations/anions/polar and non-polar molecules.

3. Give examples of the different ways these molecules contribute to the body's structure and function.

B. Molecular control mechanisms-DNA and protein

1. Genetic information

a. Describe the elements of DNA and RNA.

b. Explain the meaning of genetic code and describe its source.

2. Protein synthesis

a. Describe in detail the processes of transcription and translation.

b. List the factors that regulate protein synthesis in human cells.

c. Describe the factors that contribute to protein denaturing.

C. Energy and cellular metabolism

1. Energy

a. Explain the meaning of chemical energy and describe its source in the human body (ATP).

b. Describe the processes of energy activation, including aerobic and anaerobic pathways that yield energy in the human body, including glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, glyconeogenesis, deamination/transamination of amino acids, Cori cycle and beta oxidation of fatty acids.

c. Describe the four classifications of enzymatic reactions: oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis-dehudration, chemical group transfer, and ligation

d. Explain the difference between reversible and irreversible enzymes (law of mass action and carbonic anhydrase)

D. Movement of molecules across cell membranes (in relation to homeostasis)

1. Membrane structure

a. Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

b. Explain the how each of the cell membrane components contribute to its function.

c. Describe the differences between concentration and electrochemical gradients.

2. Transport through the cell membrane.

a. Diffusion

1) Describe the main factors that determine the magnitude, direction and rate of diffusion.

2) Explain how diffusion occurs through lipid bilayer and the protein channels of the cell membrane.

b. Mediated transport systems

1) Explain the concept of mediated transport.

2) Distinguish between facilitated diffusion and active transport.

3) Osmosis

a) Describe the osmosis process and the effect of electrolyte concentration on the direction and the rate of osmosis.

b) Explain the meaning of solution tonicity, including hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions.

3. Bulk transport

a. Explain the principles of endocytosis and exocytosis.

b. Give examples for each of the above phenomena.

c. Describe the membrane junctions (Cam’s, tight and desmosomes) and explain epithelial transport.

d. Describe the process of secretion by glands and relate this process to bulk transport.

e. Explain the differences between various channels of transport including: voltage gated, chemical or receptor gated, ligand gated, leaky channels and secondary transporters including: symport (cotransport) and antiport carriers.

E. Homeostasis

1. The balance concept and chemical homeostasis

a. Distinguish between equilibrium and homeostasis.

b. Explain the importance of homeostasis for the living cell.

2. Components of homeostatic systems

a. Explain the role of reflexes and local responses in maintaining homeostasis.

b. Describe the role of chemicals as messengers in regulating the body's homeostasis.

c. Explain enzyme modulation (allosteric, competitive activators/ inhibitors, temperature and pH).

3. Receptors

a. Describe the receptor-operated channels.

b. Distinguish between: adrenergic, baroreceptor, cholinergic, ionotropic, metabotropic and nicotinic receptors.

4. Cellular signal transduction

a. Explain the role of G-protein coupled receptors.

b. Explain the roles of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP.

c. Explain the role of calcium as a “second messenger.”

d. Describe the relationship between cyclic AMP and calcium as well as other second messengers.

II. Body Systems

A. Nervous system

1. Structure of the nervous system

a. Describe the physiological structure of neurons.

b. Explain the meaning of blood-brain barrier.

2. Membrane potentials

a. Explain the basic principles of electricity.

b. Describe the properties of a resting cell.

c. Distinguish between graded potentials and action potentials.

3. Synapses

a. Describe the functional anatomy of synapses.

b. Explain ion permeability in relation to membrane polarization.

c. Explain the process of activating the postsynaptic cell.

d. Explain the meaning of synaptic effectiveness.

e. Explain the meaning of neurotransmitter and list selected number of these chemicals.

f. Describe the process of modification of synaptic transmission by drugs and disease/enzymatic change and reuptake

g. Explain termination of synaptic transmission

4. Receptors and processing of afferent information

a. Explain the meaning of receptors as part of the sensory nervous system. (baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors, muscarinic, nicotinic, chemoreceptors)

b. Define the sensory units.

c. List and explain the basic characteristics of sensory coding.

5. Patterns of neural activity: the flexion reflex

a. Describe the different components of the reflex arc.

b. Explain the meaning of “reflex time” and “central delay.”

B. Muscular system

1. Explain the molecular mechanisms of contraction.

2. Describe the mechanics of muscle contraction.

3. List the sources of energy for muscle contraction.

4. List the steps of muscle fiber differentiation and growth.

5. Define and distinguish between different the types of skeletal muscle fibers.

6. Describe the different behaviors of whole muscle contractions.

7. Compare the structure and mechanism of contraction of the smooth and skeletal muscle.

C. Circulation

1. Blood

a. List the different components of plasma.

b. Describe the role and function of cellular elements of the blood.

c. Explain the inactive plasma proteins associated with the coagulation cascade and the role of the anticoagulants: heparin, antithrombin III and protein C.

d. Explain the role of intrinsic and extrinsic clotting factors in coagulation and how they are affected in liver disease.

e. Explain the causes of hemophilia and intravascular thrombosis.

f. Describe the rationale of various treatment options using anti- coagulants such as : coumarin anticoagulants (warfarin) and acetylsalicylic acid (aspprin).

g. Explain the causes of pulmonary embolism.

2. Heart

a. Describe the mechanisms of heartbeat coordination.

b. List and explain mechanical events of the cardiac cycle.

c. Define the cardiac output.

d. Describe ECG and explain its importance as a diagnostic tool.

3. Integration of cardiovascular function: regulations of systemic arterial pressure

a. Describe the different ways of controlling contractivity.

4. Cardiovascular patterns in health and disease

a. List and describe some of the cardiovascular disorders, including hemorrhage and hypotension, hypertension and heart attack and atherosclerosis.

b. Describe the relationship between exercise and the cardiovascular system.

D. Defense mechanisms of the body: Immunology, foreign chemicals and stress

1. Immunology

a. Describe effector cells of the immune system.

b. Compare and contrast non-specific immune response and specific immune response.

c. Describe the role of blood types in transfusion reactions.

d. List the factors that alter the body’s resistance to infection.

e. Describe allergy (hypersensitivity reactions).

f. Define autoimmune diseases and list examples.

g. Describe the role of the lymphatic system.

2. Metabolism of foreign chemicals

a. Describe the process of absorption and list the factors that regulate its rate.

b. List and describe the storage sites for foreign chemicals.

c. Explain the process of excretion.

d. Define biotransformation.

E. Respiratory system

1. Differentiate between ventilation and perfusion balance and imbalance.

2. Describe the process of ventilation and lung mechanics in terms of the Bohr effect.

3. Describe the steps involved in exchange of gases in alveoli and pulmonary diffusion and tissue perfusion.

4. Explain the role of surfactant in gas diffusion.

5. Describe the effect of pH on hemoglobin/O2 binding as it relates to the carbonic acid buffering system.

6. Explain hemoglobin saturation and the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

7. Explain the method of O2-transport and CO2-transport.

8. List and describe the different ways for controlling respiration and compliance.

9. Explain the neural control of respiratory function.

10. Explain intra-plural pressure and gas exchange as it relates to Boyle’s law.

11. Describe the events surrounding a histaminic reaction in relation to the ANS and airway resistance.

F. Renal system

1. Basic principles of renal physiology

a. Explain the basic renal processes.

b. Explain ion movement in relation to luminal and apical tubule membranes as it applies to secretion and reabsorption.

2. Regulation of sodium, chloride and water balance

a. Describe the methods of controlling sodium excretion and its effect on the regulation of extracellular volume.

b. Describe the relationship of ADH secretion and extracellular volume.

c. Explain the renal regulation of extracellular osmolarity.

d. Describe the effect of hydrostatic pressure on net filtration.

e. Explain the relationship between enzymatic, hormonal and protein effects on hypovolemic, hyperosmotic and hypokalemic dehydration.

3. Regulation of potassium, calcium and hydrogen ion concentrations

a. Describe the role of the kidney in controlling the concentration of these chemicals in the body.

b. List the consequences of abnormal concentrations of these chemicals in the body.

G. Endocrine system

1. Explain the phenomenon of hormone-target-cell specificity.

2. Describe the chemical structure of hormones and the steps of their synthesis.

3. Explain the role of hormones in several body functions, including transport, metabolism and excretion.

4. Define the different mechanisms of hormone action.

5. Describe the process behind the control of hormone secretion.

6. List the control systems that regulate hormone secretion, including hypothalamus and pituitary.

7. Describe the physiological effects of stress.

H. Digestive system

1. Functions of the gastrointestinal organs

a. List the steps involved in digestion and absorption (including the role of the hepatic/portal venous system).

b. Explain the role of the ANS in alimentary absorption and motility.

c. Explain the role of gastrointestinal peptides including: ghrelin and anorexigenic antagonists, leptins, GIP, CCK, secretin and gastrin.

d. List some examples of pathophysiological abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract including: celiacs, diverticulitis, Type I and II diabetes, fatty liver, hiatal hernia, gastritis, GERD, IBS and peritonitis.

e. Explain alterations in metabolism as it relates to certain pathological digestive conditions such as constipation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

f. Differentiate between Type I and II diabetes and alternative pathways for glucose metabolism in the diabetic.

g. Examine the influence of counter-regulatory hormones as it relates to diabetes.

h. Explain nervous integration of digestive reflexes.

I. Reproduction system

1. Male reproduction physiology

a. Describe spermatogenesis.

b. Explain the hormonal control of male reproductive functions.

2. Female reproduction physiology

a. List the ovarian functions.

b. Define the control mechanisms of ovarian function.

c. List the uterine changes in the menstrual cycle.

d. Identify the non-uterine effects of estrogen and progesterone.

e. Describe the role of androgens in women.

f. Explain the basic physiology of pregnancy.

3. Chronology of sex development

a. Describe sex determination.

b. Define sex differentiation and list its steps.

III. Attitudes and Work Habits

A. Identify and develop positive attitudes toward tasks and fellow students appropriate for the laboratory, including giving and accepting criticism and praise.

B. Identify and develop productive work habits, including attending to detail, completing tasks, maintaining the lab setting and recording data.

C. Identify and develop collaborative/teamwork skills, including solving problems in groups, building consensus and responding to supervision.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Human Body
   A. Tissue Types
      1. List the major four types of tissues found in the human body.
      2. Explain the functions of each of these tissues.
   B. Cell Physiology
      1. Explain the basic physiological processes that take place in the
cells, such as metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division.
      2. List the steps for each of the above processes.
      3. Give examples of abnormalities that may occur during the course
of these processes and explain how these abnormalities may contribute to
the development of certain diseases.
   C. Body Fluids
      1. List the different body fluid compartments and explain their
relationship to each other. 
      2. Explain how changes in these compartment contribute to changes in
the whole body.
      3. Give examples of diseases caused by such changes.
   D. Organ Systems
      1. Identify the different organs and their relationship the systems
of the body.
      2. Explain how a single organ may have more than one function and
how organ systems work together to express the synergistic nature of the
human body.

II. The History of Medicine
   A. Describe the contributions of major civilizations throughout history
to medicine, including Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese
contributions.
   B. Describe the major scientists who contributed to the development of
medicine preceding the twentieth century. 
   C. Describe the most recent major contributions to medicine, including
molecular biology, genetic engineering, and the use of technology.

III. Classifications of Disease
   A. List the major categories of disease, including hereditary, 
congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic physical, chemical, infectious,
inflammatory, vascular, metabolic, nutritional, psychologic, idiopathic,
and tumors.
   B. Give example of specific disease for each of the above categories. 
   C. Describe the physiological basis of each disease.
   D. Describe the methods of diagnosis and treatment of each disease.

IV. Disease Processes
   A. Disturbances of Blood Flow and Derangement of Body Fluids
      1. Describe the forces involved in the normal fluid exchange between
the different compartments of the body.
      2. Describe the basic principles of edema and list the blood and
fluid abnormalities that lead to edema.
      3. List some blood and fluid disturbances, including hemorrhage,
thrombosis, embolism, ischemia, and hypertension.
      4. List the pathophysiological causes of the above disturbances and
explain their effect on the normal function of the body, including
dehydration, shock and acid-base balance.
   B. Inflammation and Repair
      1. Explain the general principles of inflammation and list the steps
of  its development.
      2. Describe the cellular and humoral responses to injury.
      3. Describe the systemic defense mechanisms, including fever,
leukocytosis, and pain.
      4. Describe the usual results and complications of inflammation and
distinguish between acute and chronic inflammation.
      5. List the normal steps of healing and repair.
      6. Explain the principal steps of inflammation management.
   C. Immune Functions and Disorders
      1. List the cells involved in immune response and describe their
activities.
      2. Describe the chemical nature of antibodies and explain the steps
of their synthesis.
      3. Explain the phenomenon of antibody-antigen reaction and describe
its contributions to the body's defense mechanism.
      4. Explain the meaning of some terms related to the immune system
and its disorders, including cytokines, immunity, hypersensitivity.
      5. Describe the four types of hypersensitivity reactions, including
anaphylaxis, cytotoxic, immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity, and
cell-mediated reactions.
      6. Explain the difference between inherited and acquired forms of
immunodeficiency, and give specific examples for each form.
      7. Explain the general principles of autoimmune disorders and give
example of specific diseases classified under this category. 
   D. Infectious Diseases
      1. Describe the basic pathophysiology of microbial infection and
disease, including bacterial, viral, fungal parasitic, and neoplasia
infections.
      2. Give examples and statistics of incidence for each of the above
infections.
      3. Describe the method of diagnosis and treatment of infectious
diseases.
   E. Inherited Disease
      1. Define the meaning of heredity and inherited disease.
      2. Give examples of inherited diseases and list their causes.
      3. Describe the methods involved in the diagnosis and treatment of
inherited diseases.

V. Organs (Systems) and Their Diseases
   A. List some diseases related to specific organs and/or systems,
including circulation, respiration, digestion, liver and gall bladder,
pancreas, kidney, reproduction organs, endocrine glands, blood and
lymphatics, nervous system, musculoskeletal system.
   B. Explain the physiological disorders involved in developing these
diseases.
   C. Describe the methods of diagnosis and treatment of the above
diseases.

Assignments     10% of grade
Unit exams      60% of grade
Final Exam      30% of grade
               100%
 
Grading Scale:
   A = 90% - 100%
   B = 80% -  89%
   C = 70% -  79%
   D = 60% -  69%
   F = 59% or less

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction to Microbiology
   A. The development of the germ theory of disease
      1. Early work to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation
      2. Contributions of Pasteur and Koch
   B. Basic techniques of microbiology
      1. Isolation of pure cultures
      2. Staining:  Gram stain and acid-fast stain

II.Cell Structure and Function
   A. Eukaryotic cells
   B. Prokaryotic cells
      1. Cell wall
      2. Plasma membrane
      3. Capsules
      4. Pili
      5. Flagella
      6. Bacterial chromosome
      7. Plasmids
      8. Ribosomes
      9. Inclusion granules
     10. Endospores

III. Introduction to Biochemistry
   A. Major groups of organic compounds
   B. Enzymes
   C. Functional groups
   D. Common biochemical reactions
   E. Glycolysis and fermentation
   F. Kreb's cycle
   G. Oxidative phosphorylation
     
IV. Microbial Genetics
   A. Watson-Crick model of DNA and of DNA replication
   B. Protein synthesis
   C. Mutations and causes of mutations
   D. DNA transfer in prokaryotic cells
      1. Transformation
      2. Conjugation
      3. Transduction
   E. Gene splicing

V. Viruses
   A. Basic structure and characteristics of viruses
   B. Replication of bacteriophages
   C. Lysogeny
   D. Replication of animal viruses
   E. Representative animal viruses
   F. Growing viruses in the laboratory

VI. Chemotherapy
   A. Fundamentals of chemotherapy
   B. Determination of drug and antibiotic sensitivities
   C. Drug resistance
   D. Mechanisms of drug action

VII. Host Defense Mechanisms
   A. Definitions
      1. Normal flora
      2. Symbiotic relationships
      3. Disease and infection
      4. Pathogenicity and virulence
   B. Toxigenicity of microorganisms
   C. Concept of virulence
   D. Non-specific and mechanical barriers of the host
      1. Physical barriers
      2. Chemical barriers
      3. Non-specific biological barriers
      4. Blood and its components
         a. Liquid portion
         b. Formed elements
   E. Specific defense mechanisms:  Antigen/Antibody reactions
      1. Acquired resistance to infection
         a. Natural active immunity
         b. Natural passive immunity
         c. Artificial active immunity
         d. Artificial passive immunity
      2. Cells of the immune system
      3. Characteristics and structure of antibodies
      4. Induction of the immune response
      5. Disorders associated with the immune system
         a. Allergies and anaphylaxis
         b. Autoimmunity
         c. AIDS

VIII. Microorganisms and Human Disease
   A. Diseases caused by pyogenic cocci.
   B. Diseases caused by gram-negative enteric bacilli and coccobacilli
and non-fermentators.
   C. Diseases caused by acid-fast bacilli.
   D. Diseases caused by anoerobic bacilli.
   E. Diseases caused by fungi, parasites and viruses.

There will be a minimum of four examinations.  Exams will be worth at
least 100 points each.  Material may be taken from the lectures, textbook
and handouts. Policies regarding dropping of one lowest exam score or
attendance as it may affect grades and of make-up exams are left to the
discretion of the instructor.
  
Bonus points, up to a maximum of twelve (12) may be added to the numerator
of the final raw score. These points may be based on quizzes or other
assignments as determined by the instructor.

Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing
and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises
and projects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Microscope
   A. Successfully use compound microscopes.
   B. Demonstrate microscopic measurement techniques.
   C. Calibrate an eyepiece micrometer.

II. Staining Procedures and Bacterial Morphology
   A. Staining procedures
      1. Clean microscopic slides.
      2. Aseptically transfer microbes.
      3. Make the following bacterial preparations:
         a. Simple stain
         b. Gram stain
         c. Capsule stain
         d. Endospore stain
         e. Metachromatic granules stain
         f. Acid fast stain
   B. Identify different types of bacterial morphology using the following
techniques:
      1. Student prepared slides from bacterial cultures.
      2. Slides prepared commercially from clinical specimens grown as
bacterial cultures.
      3. Darkfield microscopy to study both morphology and motility.

III. Basic Techniques and Concepts
   A. Demonstrate pure culture techniques.
      1. Make loop-inoculated pour plates.
      2. Streak for isolation of pure colonies from a mixed bacterial
culture.
   B. Bacterial population counts
      1. Use a serial dilution method to make bacterial population
counts.
   C. Identify enteric bacteria and other gram-negative bacilli.
      1. Use pure lab cultures.
      2. Isolate bacteria from the student’s body into pure culture.
      3. Characterize and identify a bacterial culture from the
student’s body.
   D.Identify unknown bacteria to genus and species using gram stain,
biochemical and other microbiological methods for identification.
   E. Determine environmental effect on bacteria including antibiotics,
ultraviolet radiation and 
  anaerobiosis.

IV. Important Parasitic Protozoans and Helminths
   A. Observe and identify the infective and/or disease-related life cycle
stages of the following medically important parasites:
      1. Protozoans, such as Plasmodium, Entamoeba, Trypanosoma.      
      2. Flatworms to include important flukes and other flatworms.
      3. Roundworms such as Trichinella, Ascaris, hookworm and
others.

Practical exams, worth 50 points each = 40% of grade
Lab assignments, attendance and short quizzes worth a minimum of 60% of
grade 
Total = 100%

Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing
and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises
and projects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Preparation for a Diet Analysis
   A. Define the six classes of essential nutrients.
   B. Utilize the units of measurement as required in nutrition.
   C. Locate current food competition tables and describe how they are used.
   D. Explain food grouping plans and their use for dietary analysis.
   E. Describe the purpose and limitations of food labels and DRV (Dietary Reference Value).
   F. Assess food habits.
   G. Perform a nutrition assessment.

II. Food Quality and Safety
   A. Recognize the appropriate vs. inappropriate use of supplements.
   B. Define the FDA food safety regulations.
   C. Identify the methods necessary to prevent food-borne illness.

III. The Digestive Tract
   A. Describe the functions of each section of the digestive system.
   B. List and describe the hormones and enzymes associated with the digestive process.
   C. Describe the metabolism of the energy nutrients.

IV. Energy Nutrients
   A. Proteins
      1. Explain the process of protein digestion and metabolism.
      2. Define and differentiate essential and non-essential amino acids.
      3. Calculate nitrogen balance in diet histories.
      4. Describe the different forms of vegetarianism and their benefits.
      5. Construct a vegetarian meal plan.
   B. Carbohydrates
      1. Explain the process of carbohydrate digestion and metabolism.
      2. Define and differentiate simple versus complex carbohydrates.
      3. Explain how the body regulates blood glucose levels.
      4. Define the following carbohydrate diseases:
         a. Diabetes mellitus
         b. Hypoglycemia
         c. Lactose intolerance
         d. Dental caries
      5. Identify the different types of dietary fiber, their functions and relationship to health and disease.
   C. Lipids and Fats
      1. Explain the digestive process, source, and function of the following dietary lipids:
         a. Triglycerides
         b. Phospholipids
         c. Cholesterol
      2. Describe the dietary sources, functions, and dietary recommendations for fatty acids.
         a. Define and differentiate saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids.
         b. Define and differentiate monounsaturated versus polyunsaturated fatty acids.
         c. Define and differentiate Omega-3 versus Omega-6 fatty acids.
      3. Describe the correlations between heart disease, blood and dietary lipids.

V. Energy Balance and Weight Control
   A. Recognize of the multiple standards for desirable body weight/body fat.
   B. Describe energy imbalances and their consequences.
   C. Calculate individual energy requirements.
   D. Contrast a sound weight loss plan with weight loss fads and fallacies.
   E. Compare and contrast eating disorders and their treatments.

VI. Nutrition and Physical Activity
   A. Recognize the nutritional implications for various levels of physical activity.

VII. Vitamins
   A. List the function, dietary source, and disease implications of the following water soluble vitamins:
      1. Thiamin
      2. Riboflavin
      3. Niacin
      4. Pyridoxine (B6)
      5. Folacin
      6. Cobalamin (B12)
      7. Pantothenic Acid
      8. Biotin
      9. Ascorbic Acid (C)
   B. List the function, dietary source, and disease implications of the fat soluble vitamins:
      1. Vitamin A
      2. Vitamin D
      3. Vitamin E
      4. Vitamin K

VIII. Minerals
   A. List the function, dietary source, bioavailability and disease implications of the following major minerals:
      1. Calcium
      2. Phosphorus
      3. Sodium
      4. Chloride
      5. Potassium
      6. Magnesium
      7. Sulfur
   B. List the function, dietary source, bioavailability and disease implications of the following minor minerals:
      1. Iron
      2. Iodine
      3. Fluoride
      4. Zinc
      5. Selenium
      6. Copper
      7. Chromium

IX. Water
   A. State the bodily requirements for fluid.
   B. Specify the role of water in bodily functions.
   C. Identify the consequences of dehydration.

X. Lifecycle Nutrition
   A. Define the nutritional needs pre-conception.
   B. Define the nutritional needs of pregnancy and lactation.
   C. Define the nutritional needs of infancy.
   D. Define the nutritional needs of childhood.
   E. Define the nutritional needs of adulthood.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction
   A. Define key drug terms
   B. Outline the properties of an ideal drug
   C. Review the history of pivotal federal drug acts
II. General Principles of Drug Action
   A. Pharmacokinetics
      1. Describe the absorption process across membranes
      2. List various route of administration
         a. Advantage
         b. Disadvantage
      3. Explain the process of drug distribution
      4. Outline the process and rationale for drug metabolism
         a. Phase I
         b. Phase II
      5. Describe the process by which drugs are excreted
      6. Discuss how drugs with various physical chemical properties are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted
      7. Solve problems using drug variables to predict pharmacologic outcomes
   B. Pharmacodynamics
      1. Diagram the time course of drug response and representive profiles
      2. Define and describe therapeutic drug index and terminology
      3. Interpret dose-response relationships via graded response curves
      4. Define and explain drug-receptor interactions and theories
         a. Agonist
         b. Antagonist
      5. Discuss drug “responses” not involving receptors
      6. List and explain how various factors affecting drug response
III. Physiology and Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System
   A. Outline and define the key structural components of the neuron and synapse
   B. Describe the process involved in neuronal stimuli response
   C. Identify various neurotrasmitters
   D. Outline and define the major divisions of the nervous system
   E. Discuss interdependencies between the nervous system divisions
IV. Cholinergic Agents
   A. Describe the role and scope of the cholinergic nervous system
   B. Define cholinergic receptor subtypes
   C. Define cholinergic terms and give specific examples
   D. List and describe pharmacological properties and uses for nicotinic and muscarinic agonists
   E. List and describe pharmacologic properties and uses for nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists
   F. Summarize various drug class and discuss inter-dependencies
V. Adrenergic Agents
   A. Describe the role and scope of adrenergic nervous system
   B. Define adrenergic receptor subtypes and relationship of molecular size and shape
   C. Define terminology and provide examples
   D. Discuss the importance of adrenergic neurotransmitter biosynthesis
   E. List and describe pharmacological properties and uses for various alpha and beta agonists
   F. List and describe pharmacologic properties and uses alpha and beta antagonists
   G. Summarize drug class and discuss inter-dependencies
VI. Central Nervous System
   A. Review physiology of human brain, structure and function of blood-brain barrier, and CNS neurotransmitters
   B. Identify the cause, symptoms, and drug treatment for Parkinson’s Disease
   C. List and describe of epilepsy and various anti-epileptic drugs
   D. Discuss role of GABA agonists as anti-spasmodic agents
   E. Summarize the theories involved in the manifestation of various psychoses and recommended drug treatments
   F. Outline the theories for management of depression
   G. Discuss the use of depressants (sedative-hypnotics)
   H. Summarize the effect of neurotransmitter imbalances
VII. Opioid Analgesics and Anesthetics
   A. Discuss Opioids: their history, various definitions and terms, and their mechanism of action
   B. Compare and contract various opioid analgesics
   C. Discuss the theories and stages involved in general anesthesia
   D. Describe various general anesthetics and their use
   E. Describe various local anesthetics and their use  
VIII. Alcohol, Stimulants and Drugs of Abuse
   A. Differentiate various types of alcohols
   B. Summarize the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of ethyl alcohol
   C. Explain the drug interaction between ethanol and disulfiram
   D. Explain methanol toxicity
   E. Compare and contrast the methyl exanthines
   F. Identify various stimulants and their recommended use
IX. Drugs for Headaches
   A. Discuss migraine, cluster and tension-type headaches and describe their differences
   B. Describe the pharmacology of ergot alkaloids and sumatriptan
   C. Summarize various drug treatments for headaches
X. Cardiovascular Drugs
   A. Generally describe various approaches in the treatment of hypertension
   B. Describe renal physiology and water reabsorption
   C. Compare various classes of diuretics and their side effects
   D. Discuss direct and indirect vasodilators and their use
   E. Evaluate use of cardiac glycosides for congestive heart failure
   F. List and describe various classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs
   G. Summarize managed care approaches for hypertension and cardiac dysfunction
XI. Respiratory Tract Drugs
   A. Describe the cause and biochemical irritants involved in asthma
   B. Discuss Rhinitus, the role of histamine, and the use of various anti-histamines
XII. Gastrointestinal Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
   A. Discuss the role of histamine in gastric secretion
   B. Describe an additional casual links in peptic ulcer disease
   C. Outline various drug and non-drug treatments for gastric ulcers
XIII. Anti-Inflammatory Agents
   A. Describe of prostaglandins, their stimulatory responses, and nomenclature
   B. List the therapeutic use of prostaglandins
   C. Compare and contrast various NSAIDs
   D. Evaluate various aspirin formulations and pharmacokinetic relationships
   E. Discuss glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory agents
   F. Describe the drug class and its uses
XIV. Anti-Thrombic Drugs
   A. Outline the process of clotting and homeostasis
   B. Describe various anti-coagulants, thrombolytic drugs and antidotes
   C. Summarize the various roles of prostaglandins
XV. Endocrine
   A. Describe the effect of thyroid hormones, clinical manifestations of hormonal imbalance, and specific drug therapies
   B. Discuss Cushing’s Syndrome and Andrenocorticoids
   C. Outline various forms of diabetes and long term complications
   D. Describe the drug treatments for diabetes
XVI. Anti-Antherosclerosis Drugs
   A. Discuss the relationship between lipoproteins and lipid/triglycerides
   B. Compare various drug and non-drug treatments in lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides
   C. Summarize the drug class and various treatments
XVII. Anti-bacterial and Anti-Fungal Drugs
   A. Define various microbiology terms relating to this drug class
   B. Outline bacteria physiology and selective toxicity
   C. Describe anti-bacterial drug classes and resistance
   D. Compare and contrast bacteria and fungus physiology
   E. Discuss various anti-fungal drugs and side effects
   F. Summarize the drug class and descrube selective toxicity
XVIII. Anti-Viral Agents
   A. List and describe components of viral particles and their “Life” cycle
   B. Discuss points for drug intervention in viral replication
   C. Compare various anti-viral drugs and their side effects
   D. Summarize the drug class and describe selective toxicity
XIX. Neoplastic Agents
   A. Describe cellular growth cycle
   B. Discuss the causes of cancer, theories involved, and differentiation between normal and cancerous cells
   C. Illustrate the role of DNA and its components
   D. Compare the various classes of anti-neoplastic agents and side effects.
   E. Summarize the drug class and describe selective toxicity