Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction to Architecture
   A. Define architecture.
   B. List and describe the basic elements of architecture, including
point, line, plane and volume.
   C. Describe the relationship between architecture and aesthetics.

II. Architectural Education
   A. List architectural program types, including the typical curriculum
of each.
   B. Describe the academic rigors of architectural school, including the
jury system, typical workload and differences from traditional college
education.
   C. Describe the apprenticeship, its demands and values.
   D. Describe intern-development programs and their state requirements.
   E. Describe the process of acquiring an architectural license.
   F. Contrast the advantages and disadvantages of an architectural
career.

III. Design Concepts
   A. Define each of the following concepts:
       1. Synthesis
       2. Organization
       3. Order/Hierarchy
       4. Dominance-exarsis-punctuation
       5. Imagability
       6. legibility
       7. Identity
       8. Diversity
       9. Scale
      10. Proportion
      11. Rhythm
      12. Unity
      13. Meaning
      14. Intention
      15. Morality
   B. Identify examples of the preceding concepts.

IV. History of Architecture
   A. Describe the architectural elements common to early cultures,
including examples of each.
   B. Describe the architectural design contributions of classical
antiquity - Greece and Rome
   C. Describe the transitional architectural styles of the Middle Ages,
including Byzantine, Moslem, Carolingian, Romanesque, and Gothic.
   D. Describe the principal design features of Renaissance architecture,
including notable examples.
   E. Trace architectural developments through the 18th and 19th centuries
- both European and American.
   F. List and describe the work of major modern architects, including Le
Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Gropius and the Bauhaus, and Mies van der
Rohe.
   G. Evaluate the status of contemporary architecture.

V. Human Dynamics and Architecture
   A. List behavioral issues affecting architectural design of space.
   B. Describe the behavioral theory of space, Sommer’s theory of
territoriality, Bechtel’s theory and the empirical approach.
   C. Determine environmental comfort and control for lighting, heating,
cooling, and air transfer.
   D. Determine communications and data requirements of spaces.

VI. The Technology of Architecture
   A. Select the appropriate structural system to accommodate stresses and
seismic activity.
   B. Describe the design requirements for energy conservation.
   C. Describe the significance of materials to the space and the
environment.

VII. The Economics of Architectural Space
   A. Contrast the tangible versus the intangible components of space.
   B. Describe spheres of architectural aesthetics.
   C. Describe the theory of space, including the roles of form, plane,
linear elements and openings.
   D. Describe great enclosures, their influences, psychological effects,
and structural characteristics.

VIII. Introduction to Allied Disciplines
   A. Describe the history of landscape architecture and describe its
current role.
   B. Describe the elements of interior design and the evolution of
interior space.
   C. Describe contemporary aesthetics of interior space.

IX. Urban Architecture
   A. Briefly describe the history of urban design.
   B. List the elements of successful urban design.
   C. Describe the components of urban design planning.
   D. Trace a comprehensive planning process.
   E. Describe the relationship of regionalism to architectural design.

X. Historic Preservation and Related Environmental Interventions
   A. List and describe the elements of preservation, conservation and
restoration.
   B. Evaluate old buildings as an expression of human spirit and
historical roots.
   C. Compare the fitness of old buildings as opposed to the performance
of new constructions.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Architectural Principles
   A. Define modernism.
      1. Define elements of architecture
      2. Describe relationship of modern architecture to the built
environment.
   B. Define and list modern architecture.
   C. Define and list modern architects.

II. Ideas of Modernism
   A. Establish ideas and concepts of modernism.
   B. Define past, present and emerging ideas.
   C. Describe relationships of ideas to the physical environment.
   D. Compare relationships of the physical environment to social
context.

III. Relationship of Design
   A. Define aspects of the built environment.
   B. Establish modern parameters for landscaping, including the site and
site planning, buildings and cities, and urban planning.
   C. Compare and apply aspects of urban planning to the built and social
environment.

IV. Principles of Modernism
   A. Define formal architectural principles.
   B. Compare and relate formal architectural principles to modernism.
   C. Develop relationships between the principles of modernism and their
impact on design, the site, and site planning.

V. Planning Principles
   A. Define urban planning principles of modern design theories.
   B. Describe modern landscape and planning issues of the physical
environment.
   C. Compare and contrast landscape and planning designs of early
modernism to late period design.

VI. Modern Architecture
   A. Describe modern architectural elements.
   B. Define relationships of historic architecture to modern design.
   C. List current trends.
   D. Determine present issues and influences.

VII. Modern Architects
   A. Research and identify modernist architects.
   B. Research and identify modernist works of architecture.
   C. Compare current architects and projects to modernist principles.

VIII. Impact of Technology
   A. Define technology in architecture.
   B. List means and methods of established technological trends.
   C. Identify new trends in technology and modernism.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Freehand Drawing: Recording the Built and Natural Environment
   A. Observe, organize and communicate spatial relationships.
   B. Control line weights and tonal value to define space and emphasis.
   C. Use freehand perspective techniques to communicate scale and
proportion.
   D. Create variety and heighten realism or establish emphasis through
tone, texture and color.
   E. Record the environment with different media.
   F. Shade and shadow to communicate spatial relationships.
   G. Sketch subject matter quickly.

II. Architectural Lettering
   A. Construct the basic block letter form.
   B. Construct the lowercase letter form.
   C. Construct the large outline letters, to include appropriate
applications.
   D. Control the line quality, consistency, balance and proportion of the
letter form.
   E. Control the spacing between letter forms and words.
   F. Select lettering style, scale, and layout based on the purpose of
communication.

III. Professional Media and Equipment Usage
   A. Use and care for basic instrument-aided drawing tools.
   B. Use equipment to control basic line quality, weight and precision.
   C. Read and translate architectural/ engineering scales.
   D. Draw on different professional media.
   E. Describe basic computer software applications of the profession.

IV. Applied Geometry
   A. Describe the elementary principles of applied geometry.
   B. Use applied geometry in instrument-aided drawing to increase control
and precision.
   C. Describe and apply proportioning systems.

V. Line, Tone, Texture and Color
   A. Describe the concept and function of line weights for visual
communication.
   B. Describe methods for constructing a vocabulary of lines from
different media.
   C. See and define an edge, or contour, through line.
   D. See and define surface planes and volume through the construction of
a scale of value (light/dark) changes.
   E. Observe and render texture appropriate to environmental graphics.
   F. Define the elements of color:  hue, value, and chroma.
   G. Organize color by models.
   H. Apply color principles and harmonies through color media.

VI. Model Building
   A. Describe the types and characteristics of three-dimensional models.
   B. Describe the materials, tools and techniques used in model
construction.
   C. Describe the relationship between two-dimensional drawing and
three-dimensional form generation.
   D. Illustrate fundamental construction techniques, including cutting,
sanding, joining.
   E. Document the finished models through the photographic medium.

VII. Multi-View Drawing
   A. Describe the concepts and conventions of orthographic drawing.
   B. Describe orthographic construction methods of plan, elevation and
section views.
   C. Use the architect’s scale to transcribe and construct drawings.
   D. Organize the page.
   E. Describe the process of dimensioning to communicate scale.
   F. Describe the construction and types of visual aids to enhance
communication.
   G. Use line weights, value and texture to define spatial relationships,
emphasis and realism appropriate to multi-view drawing.

VIII. Paraline, Axonometric and Oblique Drawings
   A. Describe the types of single-view drawings, their characteristics
and uses.
   B. Construct axonometric and oblique drawings.
   C. Use line weights, value and texture to define spatial relationships,
emphasis and realism appropriate to paraline drawings.

IX. Sun, Shade and Shadow
   A. Describe the basic concepts and vocabulary of light, shade and
shadow as applied to observing and recording the built and natural
environment.
   B. Cast shade and shadows in multi-view drawing using the “common
method.”
   C. Cast shade and shadows in paraline drawing.
   D. Cast shade and shadows in perspective view drawing.
   E. Use line weights, value and texture to define shade and shadows.
   F. Use shade and shadows to communicate spatial relationships.

X. Architectural Research and Writing
   A. Find credible resources from a variety of sources to use in the
research essay.
   B. Compile a bibliography.
   C. Synthesize resources by summarizing, paraphrasing and/or quoting.
   D. Organize synthesized resources into an essay which is informative or
persuasive.
   
XI. Conceptual and Visual Vocabulary
   A. Describe the elements used in architectural graphics and design.
   B. Apply the visual characteristics to the elements used in
architectural graphics and design.
   C. Demonstrate the principles of design used in architectural graphics
and design.

XII. Attitudes and Work Habits
   A. Identify and develop positive attitudes toward tasks and fellow
employees appropriate for the studio, including giving and accepting
criticism and praise.
   B. Identify and develop productive work habits, including attending to
detail, completing tasks, maintaining the work setting and recording
data.
   C. Identify and develop teamwork skills, including solving problems in
groups, building consensus and responding to supervision.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Perspective Drawing as Design Tool
   A. Describe the basic concepts and vocabulary of the  direct”
perspective method, e.g., conceptual drawing, representational drawing,
etc.
   B. Use overlays as a method for building drawings.
   C. Use direct” perspective methods to communicate graphically design
concepts.
   D. Observe, organize and communicate spatial relationships.
   E. Control line weights, value and texture to establish interest and
spatial relationships.

II. Model Building
   A. Describe the types and characteristics of three dimensional models,
e.g., study, presentation, etc.
   B. Describe the materials, tools and techniques used in model
construction.
   C. Describe the relationship between two-dimensional drawing and
three-dimensional form generation.
   D. Illustrate fundamental construction techniques, including cutting,
sanding, joining.

III. Graphic Diagramming
   A. Describe the concepts, functions and appropriate applications of
graphic diagramming, e.g., bubble, functional, flow, analytic diagrams,
etc.
   B. Collect, abstract and express through graphic media symbols
appropriate to diagramming.
   C. Apply diagram vocabulary and techniques through basic diagram
exercises, e.g., bubble diagram.

IV. Basic Grid Perspective Drawing
   A. Describe the concepts, vocabulary and conventions of basic grid
perspective drawing.
   B. List the criteria for selection of the type of grid based on the
content to be visually communicated.
   C. Construct the basic one- and two-point grid.
   D. Illustrate techniques to speed construction, e.g., proportional
divisions, etc.
   E. Use perspective grid sheets.
   F. Use the architect’s scale to transcribe information and construct
drawings.
   G. Organize the page.
   H. Use line weights, value and texture to define spatial relationships,
emphasis and realism appropriate to basic grid perspective drawing.

V. Perspective Projection Drawing
   A. Describe the concepts, vocabulary and conventions of perspective
projection drawing.
   B. List the criteria for selection of the type of perspective
projection method based on the content to be visually communicated.
   C. Illustrate perspective projection construction steps and techniques
for one and two point common methods.
   D. Use the architect’s scale to transcribe information and construct
drawings.
   E. Organize the page.
   F. Use line weights, value and texture to define spatial relationships,
emphasis and realism appropriate to perspective drawing.

VI. Shade and Shadow
   A. Describe the basic concepts and vocabulary of light, shade and
shadow as applied to observing and recording the built and natural
environment, e.g., bearing, attitude, etc.
   B. Read sun charts and find the altitude component angle.
   C. Describe the fundamentals of shade and shadow, e.g., shadow box,
plane, wedge, etc.
   D. Cast shades and shadows in paraline drawing.
   E. Cast shades and shadows in multi-view drawing.
   F. Cast shades and shadows in perspective view drawing.
   G. Use line weights, value and texture to define shade.
   H. Use shadow to communicate spatial relationships.

VII. Attitudes and Work Habits
   A. Identify and develop positive attitudes toward tasks and fellow
employees appropriate for the studio, including giving and accepting
criticism and praise.
   B. Identify and develop productive work habits, including attending to
detail, completing tasks, maintaining the work setting and recording
data.
   C. Identify and develop collaborative/teamwork skills, including
solving problems in groups, building consensus and responding to
supervision.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Principles of Two-Dimensional Visual Perception and Organization
   A. Visual perception
      1. Describe the principles of visual grouping, including:
         a. Proximity of objects
         b. Similarity of elements
         c. Negative spaces from organization
         d. Closure
      2. Describe the methods to achieve unity, including:
         a. Proximity
         b. Repetition
         c. Continuation
         d. Variety
      3. Describe the devices to show depth to create the illusion of
space, including:
         a. Size
         b. Overlapping
         c. Vertical location
         d. Aerial perspective
         e. Linear perspective
         f. Limitations of linear perspective
      4. Describe other devices to create the illusion of space,
including:
         a. Amplified perspective
         b. Multiple perspective
         c. Isometric projection
         d. Open form/closed form
         e. Recession - plane and diagonal
         f. Transparency
         g. Spatial puzzles:  Piranesl, Escher, and Magritte
   B. Describe the different types of balance, including:
      1. Symmetrical balance
      2. Asymmetrical balance
      3. Radial balance
      4. Crystallographic balance - allover pattern
   C. List three types of rhythm, providing examples of each:
      1. Rhythm and motion
      2. Alternating rhythm
      3. Progressive rhythm
   D. Describe strategies for creating the illusion of motion:
      1. Anticipated movement
      2. Repeated figure
      3. Fuzzy outlines
      4. Multiple image
      5. Directional use of visual elements
   E. Emphasis/focal point
      1. Describe ways to achieve emphasis, including:
         a. Emphasis by contrast
         b. Emphasis by isolation
         c. Emphasis by placement
      2. Explain the degree of emphasis for establishing a focal point,
including:
         a. Dominance
         b. Relationship to the whole design
      3. Explain the effects of absence of focal point
   F. Line
      1. Describe the types of line, including:
         a. Actual
         b. Implied
         c. Psychic
      2. Describe the qualities of a line, including:
         a. Direction
         b. Quality
         c. Control and gesture
         d. Lost and found contour
         e. Shape
         f. Value
   G. Texture
      1. Describe the two basic types of texture:
         a. Tactile
         b. Visual
      2. Differentiate between texture and patter
   H. List the seven definitions of shape and describe the impact on
volume:
      1. Neutralism and distortion
      2. Idealism
      3. Abstraction
      4. Non-objective
      5. Rectilinear
      6. Curvilinear
      7. Positive/negative
   I. Value/light and dark
      1. List the attributes of value:
         a. Value pattern - high key, low key
         b. Value as emphasis
         c. Value and space
      2. Describe the techniques to achieve value
   J. Color
      1. Define the properties of color:
         a. Hue
         b. Value
         c. Intensity
      2. Compare cool/warm colors
      3. Describe how color is used to achieve balance and space
      4. Describe the role of color schemes in architectural design
      5. Describe the effects color is used to achieve, including:
         a. Local, optical, arbitrary
         b. Emotional color
         c. Color symbolism
         d. Color versus value

II. Fundamental Principles, Generalizations, and Theories as Applied to
Understanding Three-Dimensional Design
   A. Design conceptualization (where ideas come from)
      1. Describe the need for both originality and sources
      2. Describe the role of sketching and modeling in the creative
process
      3. Describe the steps of the creative design process:
         a. Acceptance and definition
         b. Ideation
         c. Judgment (a continuous decision-making process)
   B. Visual elements of form
      1. Define line, including:
         a. Direction — the fundamental characteristic
         b. Explicit and implicit lines
      2. Describe how surface is the fundamental characteristic of plane
      3. Define volume
      4. Explain how the visual elements are combined
   C. Describe the visual properties of form, including:
       1. Shape
       2. Size
       3. Color
       4. Texture
       5. Position
       6. Orientation
       7. Visual inertia
       8. Primary shapes
       9. Platonic solids
      10. Regular and irregular forms
      11. Transformation of form
      12. Dimensional transformation
      13. Subtractive forms
      14. Additive forms, including:
          a. Centralized
          b. Linear
          c. Radial
          d. Clustered
          e. Grid
      15. Formal collisions of geometry
      16. Articulation of form:
          a. Edges and corners
          b. Surfaces
   D. Organization of form
      1. Describe the role of perception, including:
         a. Resemblance
         b. Proximity
         c. Similarity
      2. Explain the physical forces related to form:
         a. Weight
         b. Balance (equilibrium/stability)
         c. Gravity
         d. Tension
         e. Compression
         f. Torsion (shear)
      3. Describe the spatial organizational systems, including:
         a. Cellular
         b. Cylindrical/core structure
         c. Planar systems
         d. Trusses and space frames
         e. Rigid frame
         f. Slab
         g. Shell
         h. Cable
         i. Membrane
   E. Organizations of form and space
      1. Describe the spatial relationships, including:
         a. Space within a space
         b. Interlocking spaces
         c. Adjacent spaces
         d. Spaces linked by a common space
      2. Describe the spatial organizations:
         a. Centralized
         b. Linear
         c. Radial
         d. Clustered
         e. Grid

III. Circulation
   A. Describe the elements of circulation:
      1. The building approach
      2. Building entrances
      3. Configuration of the path
      4. Path-space relationships
      5. Form of the circulation space

IV. Proportion and Scale
   A. Define proportion
   B. Describe proportioning systems, including:
      1. The golden section
      2. The orders
      3. Renaissance theories
      4. The modulator
      5. The ken
      6. Anthropomorphic proportions
   C. Define scale and describe its effect on design

V. Principles for the Organization of Forms and Spaces
   A. In specific designs, apply each of the following principles:
      1. Axis
      2. Symmetry
      3. Hierarchy
      4. Datum
      5. Rhythm and repetition
      6. Transformation

VI. Architectural Design Considerations for Effective Functional Space
   A. In specific design, apply each of the following functions:
      1. Activity/space relationships
      2. Ergonomics
      3. Circulation
      4. Structural organization
      5. Mechanical services
   B. For each of the following state context:
      1. Site features (foliage, topography, views, etc.)
      2. Climate (sun, wind, temperature, humidity, etc.)
      3. Man-made characteristics (existing buildings, services)
   C. For each of the following modes of production, allow for:
      1. Specific materials
      2. Required crafts and levels of craftsmanship
   D. To create an appropriate artistic statement incorporate each of the
following:
      1. Composition
      2. Archetypal form
      3. Spatial behavior

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Manifestation of Culture and Society in Design 
   A. Consider the role of design in religious and feudal societies such as in monastic communities and scriptoria.
   B. Examine how market-driven capitalist societies have nourished the development of design. 
   C. Recognize how urbanization has increasingly separated creators from consumers. 
   D. Identify the shifting centers of influence.
       1. Local focus of feudal systems 
       2. The role of church and religion 
       3. The establishment of centralized monarchies, kingdoms, and countries 
       4. Post-World War II shifts in society and centers of influence 
   E. Understand the contributions of education and wealth to the appreciation and consumption of designed objects. 
   F. Examine the importance of mass marketing of values like fame and style to drive desire for designed products.
 
II. Technology and Economics 
   A. Recognize the nascent forms of design created in antiquity using ephemeral materials such as fiber, animal parts, mud, and simple pigments.
   B. Recognize the scope of design in a low technology environment of handcrafted objects. 
   C. Examine the development of paper and printing processes and systems.
       1. Chinese paper and printing technology 
       2. German contributions in typography and printing 
       3. Photography and half-tone printing 
       4. Cold type and computers
   D. Understand how increasing mechanization and new processes affect the production and form of produced objects.
       1. Mass production and automation
       2. Economies of scale reduces costs 
       3. Industrial manufacturing processes transfer influence to consumer markets 
       4. Computers changing from mainframes to handheld expand their role
       5. The expansive development of increasingly affordable design software
       6. The explosion of CAD/CAM capabilities 
   E. Understand how industrial materials have increased design options. 
       1. Synthetics and polymers and plastics and other expanded options replace more basic materials
       2. Depletion of materials and sustainable options
   F. Examine the importance of mass marketing of consumer goods to the design process.
       1. Catalog retailers in the 19th Century 
       2. Development of wholesale/retail networks
       3. Shopping malls and big-box stores 
       4. Online communication expanding sourcing and selling options allowing niche marketing
 
III. Politics and Government 
   A. Examine how war and nationalistic propaganda have contributed to design. 
       1. Election and political campaigns needing propaganda vehicles 
       2. Fund raising, bond drives, and recruiting posters 
   B. Consider the use of design as a display of national pride at expositions and world’s fairs.
 
IV. The Training and Educational Systems That Contributed to the Professionalization of Design 
   A. Understand the nature of localized and individualized training and production. 
   B. Identify the contributions of guilds and workshops.
   C. Recognize the various late nineteenth and early twentieth century local or regional movements. 
       1. Arts and Crafts
       2. Japonisme and Ukiyo-e 
       3. Art Nouveau 
       4. Jugendstil 
       5. Vienna Secession 
       6. Peter Behrens and rationalism 
       7. Futurism & Constructivism 
       8. De Stijl
       9. The Bauhaus 
   D. Recognize the centralized systems developed by governmental or quasi-governmental academies.
       1. Establishment of French Academies 
       2. Establishment of academies and schools across Europe based on the French model
   E. Understand the development and contributions of university-based education. 
       1. Establishment of colleges and land grant institutions in the United States
       2. Expansion of education in the United States with the GI Bill of Rights
 
V. Design in Increasingly Urbanized Societies 
   A. Recognize how increasing population density in urban areas has affected the impact of visual influences. 
   B. Identify how the cultural and ethnic diversity found in urban areas contributes to design.
   C. Consider the development of the Arts and Crafts movement in response to increasing industrialization.
 
VI. Globalization and Design 
   A. Recognize the limitations of small-scale community-focused design.
   B. Identify how increasing contacts with distant peoples contributes to the form of design objects.
       1. Increasing contact between ancient cultures in the Mediterranean, North Atlantic, and elsewhere
       2. Medieval Crusades and pilgrimages 
       3. Muslim traders
       4. Asian materials and designs 
   C. Understand the impact of designing and producing objects for distant consumers. 
       1. Differences in labor costs and manufacturing specialization 
       2. Communicating with and marketing to a non-local audience
 
VII. Communication and Design
   A. Consider the various forms of electric and electronic media and their contribution to design. 
       1. Shift from verbal to audio to visual communication
       2. The affect of immediacy as communication gets quicker
       3. The continuing truth of Marshall McLuhan’s idea of “The Medium is the Message” 
   B. Examine the relationship of sales, feedback, and consumer research on designed objects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Historical development of the architecture of major civilizations from prehistoric to the industrial revolution  

A. Recognize the peculiar and singular traits present in the architecture of various cultures.

B. Differentiate the geographic and chronological relationship of architectural styles and trends.

II. Influences of Religion, Politics, Art and Social Customs of the Architectural Styles  

A. Identify historical developments as they relate to social customs.

B. Explain how religion and politics relate to social structure and architecture.

III. Architectural Materials, Designs and Motifs Common to the Historical Periods  

A.  Compare the designs and formal properties of the architecture of Western and Non-Western cultures from antiquity to the Industrial Revolution.  

B.  Assess stylistic motifs and patterns used in the architecture of the major cultural categories.

C.  Differentiate the materials that typify various cultures.

IV. Examples of Architecture of the Countries and Periods Being Studied  

 A. Define names and uses of architectural examples.

 B. Identify the construction methods and processes used in architecture.

 C. Describe construction techniques.

 D. Compare materials and construction to identify period and culture of origin.

V. Architecture Across Cultures as it Relates to the World Today  

A. Explain the similarities and differences between the various buildings and structures.

B. Identify and explain various examples of architecture that constitute the Western and Non-Western architectural canon.  

Content Outline and Competencies:

I.  Review the Industrial Revolution.
   A. Explain the impact on architecture through the use of new
materials.
   B. Address the need for new building types.
   C. Discuss the changing role of the architect.

II.  Architecture in the 19th Century
   A. Discuss the rise of Architectural Eclecticism.
   B. Discuss the origins of Neoclassicism.
      1. Evaluate the rise of Neoclassicism in Europe, Russia and the
United States.
      2. Identify important Neoclassical architects and their respective
works and theories.
   C. Investigate the causes and the building types of the Gothic
Revival.
   D. Discuss the École des Beaux-Arts. 
      1. Identify selected European works and their respective
architects.
      2. Evaluate the importance of the École des Beaux-Arts on North
American Architecture and architectural education.
   E. Discuss the impact of new architectural materials of the period. 
   F. Discuss the development of the Arts and Crafts Movement.
      1. Investigate the societal reasons behind the movement.
      2. Analyze selected works and the architect’s philosophy behind
them.
   G. Analyze the origins, architects and works of Art Nouveau.
   H. Investigate the Viennese Secession.
   I. Discuss the search for an American Architectural Style.
      1. Analyze “Richardson Romanesque.”
      2. Identify the “Chicago School” and its associated architects.
      3. Evaluate the architectural impact of McKim, Mead and White.

III. The 20th Century and Modernism 
   A. Examine the Idea of Modernism.
   B. Describe the different stylistic movements of early Modernism.
      1. Discuss the development of the “Prairie House” by Frank Lloyd
Wright.
      2. Review Peter Behrens and the Deutscher Werkbund.
      3. Explore “Futurism and Constructivism.”
      4. Examine Dutch and German Expressionism.
      5. Analyze Art Deco and its materials.
      6. Explain the rationale behind the De Stijl movement.
   C. Discuss the development of reinforced concrete and its importance to
20th-century engineering and architecture.
   D. Analyze the early works of Le Corbusier.
   E. Discuss Walter Gropius and Bauhaus, and their impact on Modernism.
   F. Analyze the direction of architecture during the “Late
Modernism” period.
      1. Discuss Mies van der Rohe and his contribution to Modernism.
      2. Explore the International Style and its promoters.
      3. Compare the later works of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier to
their earlier designs.
   G. Investigate the architects of the mid and late 20th century and
compare their works.
   H. Discuss the decline of Modernism and the architects of
Post-Modernism.