Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Prehistoric Art in Europe
   A. Paleolithic period
      1. Identify and describe various examples of small sculpture and
cave paintings.
      2. Compare various theories explaining the creation of Paleolithic
art.
   B. Neolithic period
      1. Identify and describe significant artifacts from the Neolithic
period including rock-shelter art, architecture, sculpture and ceramics.
      2. Describe the issues involved in the production and social use of
Neolithic art and architecture.

II. Art of the Ancient Near East
   A. Architecture
      1. Identify and describe the similarities, differences, uses and
materials used in ziggarats, palaces and city gates.
      2. List the characteristics involved in the decoration of these
structures.
   B. Describe and differentiate between sculpture used for religious
purposes and that created for political use.

III. Art of Ancient Egypt
   A. The Old Kingdom
      1. Explain ways in which religious and political factors influence
painting, sculpture and architecture.
      2. Identify and describe the canon of proportions used to represent
the human figure in both paintings and sculpture.
      3. Discuss the evolution of funerary architecture, its various uses
and types of decoration.
   B. The Middle Kingdom
      1. Discern the reasons for changes in funerary architecture.
      2. Identify the new stylistic characteristics of Middle Kingdom
sculpture and painting.
      3. Explain the Egyptian concept of town planning.
   C. The New Kingdom
      1. Identify and describe the great temple complexes.
      2. Evaluate the impact of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and the Amarna
style.

IV. Aegean Art
   A. Describe the idol figures from the Cycladic Islands and discuss the
various theories about their meaning.
   B. Crete and the Minoan Civilization
      1. Identify and evaluate the secular palace architecture.
      2. Describe and evaluate various theories about various types of
sculpture.
      3. Describe various significant artifacts including metalwork,
ceramics and wall paintings.
   C. Mainland Greece and the Mycenaean Civilization
      1. Compare and contrast the architectural style with that of the
Minoans.
      2. Identify and describe the stylistic characteristics of
significant artifacts including sculpture and metalwork.

V. Art of Ancient Greece
   A. Archaic Period
      1. Discuss the development of democratic city-states and the concept
that “man is the measure of all things.”
      2. Summarize the Greeks’ religious beliefs and distinguish between
the major deities.
      3. Identify and describe the three Greek architectural orders.
      4. Describe the characteristics and uses of temples including
architectural sculpture.
      5. Identify and describe freestanding sculpture and evaluate the
theories about its use.
      6. Compare and contrast the significant Greek vase shapes and styles
of painted decoration.
   B. Classical Period
      1. Describe the evolution and development of both architectural
sculpture and freestanding sculpture.
      2. Discuss the stylistic development in vase painting.
      3. Identify, describe and evaluate the architecture of Athens.
      4. Describe and identify stela sculpture.
   C. Hellenistic Period
      1. Identify and describe the characteristics of Greek theaters.
      2. Compare and contrast both freestanding and architectural
sculpture with the two earlier stylistic periods.
      3. Identify unfamiliar examples of architecture, sculpture and
painting.
      4. Summarize the Greek influence on art and architecture created
presently.

VI. Etruscan Art
   A. Compare and contrast an Etruscan city with its Greek counterpart.
   B. Describe Etruscan temples and their decoration.
   C. Identify and compare tombs with those of earlier cultures.
   D. Evaluate the significance of artifacts made of bronze.

VII. Roman Art
   A. The Republic and beginning of the Empire
      1. Compare and contrast government, religious and domestic
architecture in both Rome and the provinces and identify significant
examples.
      2. Identify the stylistic characteristics of Republican sculpture
and compare those with Augustan sculpture.
      3. Identify significant examples and distinguish between the various
styles of wall painting.
   B. The Empire
      1. Identify and describe the significance of major architecture in
Rome and throughout the Empire.
      2. Distinguish between Roman building techniques and materials with
those of earlier cultures.
      3. Identify significant examples and then compare and contrast
relief sculpture, portrait sculpture and architectural sculpture with the
Roman Republic and earlier cultures.
      4. Describe and identify examples of wall paintings and mosaics.
   C. The Late Empire
      1. Discuss ways in which the last architecture of the Empire
reflects the political changes within the Empire.
      2. Identify and describe the significant portrait sculpture and wall
paintings of the late period.
      3. Evaluate ways in which Roman art and architecture has influenced
Western aesthetics to the present era.

VIII. Early Christian Art
   A. Discuss the impact of Dura Europas on Early Judaism and Early
Christianity.
   B. Describe the major events in the iconography of the life of Jesus.
   C. Architecture 
      1. Identify and describe the characteristics of both basillican and
central plan Early Christian churches.
      2. Discuss the role of the church in the late Roman Empire.
   D. Identify and describe major examples of painting, sculpture and
mosaics.

IX. Byzantine Art
   A. Early Byzantine
      1. Discuss the role of the Emperor Justinian and the development of
Byzantine architecture both in Constantinople and in Ravenna.
      2. Describe the significance of pendentive construction.
      3. Compare and contrast wall paintings and mosaics with those of the
Early Christian style.
      4. Describe and discuss the role and significance of manuscript
illuminations.
   B. Late Byzantine
      1. Discern the significant differences between late architecture and
the architectural style of the early period.
      2. Compare and contrast the paintings, mosaics and manuscripts of
the late period with examples of both the early Byzantine style and Early
Christian.
      3. Discuss the role of painted icons in late Byzantine art.

X. Islamic Art
   A. Relate the life and teaching of the Prophet Mohammed to the
architecture and decoration common in Islamic art.
      1. Distinguish between the major architectural plans for mosques.
      2. Identify the characteristics and discuss the significance of
palace architecture.
      3. Evaluate the role of calligraphy in Islamic architectural
decoration and manuscript illumination.
   B. Describe the secular artifacts from Islamic culture including
textile arts, carpets and portable arts.
   C. Discuss the influence of Islamic culture on the architecture and
decorative arts of Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

XI. Early Medieval Art
   A. Migration Period
      1. Identify the artifacts created by the Vikings.
      2. Discuss the development of monasticism in Western Europe and the
role of the monasteries in creating artworks.
      3. Describe and compare Hiberno Saxon manuscript illumination and
sculpture with Early Christian examples.
   B. Carolingian Period
      1. Discuss the emergence of monumental architecture and how it
differs from Roman/Early Christian examples.
         a. Evaluate the development of the Westwork as a major component
of Christian architecture.
         b. Describe and identify the parts of a typical Medieval
monastery.
      2. Identify the significant examples of manuscript illumination.
   C. Ottonian Period
      1. Describe and identify significant examples of church
architecture.
      2. Summarize the emergence of large scale, freestanding sculpture.
      3. Describe important examples of book illustration.

XII. Romanesque Art
   A. France and Northern Spain
      1. Discuss the meaning of “Romanesque” and evaluate how the
phenomenon of Pilgrimage impacts architecture.
      2. Identify the characteristics of French and Northern Spanish
regional Romanesque architecture and architectural sculpture.
      3. Enumerate the stylistic characteristics of freestanding
sculpture, wall painting, and book illumination.
   B. Britain and Normandy
      1. Compare and contrast the architecture of Normandy and Norman
England with that of the Pilgrimage routes in France and Spain.
      2. Identify the important examples and stylistic characteristics of
manuscript illumination.
      3. Discuss the techniques and subject matter in creating textiles
and embroidery.
   C. Germany
      1. Discuss the regional differences found in German Romanesque
architecture.
      2. Identify significant examples of metalwork and book
illustrations.
   D. Italy
      1. Evaluate the important similarities and differences between
Italian Romanesque and Early Christian architecture.
      2. List the stylistic characteristics and building forms of Italian
Romanesque architecture and architectural sculpture.

XIII. Gothic Art
   A. French Gothic
      1. Discuss the emergence of the Gothic style in the Ile de France
and the reasons for the stylistic changes.
      2. Identify and explain the significance of the architectural
decoration and stained glass windows of Gothic cathedrals.
      3. Discuss the development of independent sculpture and identify
ways in which Gothic sculpture leads to the Renaissance.
      4. Identify the major artifacts from Gothic books.
   B. English Gothic
      1. Determine ways in which church architecture differs from that
created in France.
      2. Describe and distinguish the characteristics of castle
architecture.
   C. Determine the regional characteristics of Spanish Gothic
architecture.
   D. German Gothic
      1. List the regional characteristics of German Gothic architecture.
      2. Identify and describe major works of freestanding sculpture.
   E. Determine ways in which Italian Gothic architecture falls outside of
the mainstream of the Gothic style and ways in which it is similar.
   F. Proto-Renaissance
      1. Ascertain the importance of the outbreak of the Bubonic Plague on
Western Europe and its artistic development.
      2. Evaluate the evolution of relief and freestanding sculpture and
identify specific ways in which these works forecast the coming of the
Renaissance.
      3. Determine the role of Giotto and other fourteenth century Italian
painters in making significant breaks with the painting traditions and
techniques of the Middle Ages.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Early Renaissance Art in Europe
   A. Review the Late Middle Ages to provide a background for the
emergence of the Renaissance.
   B. Describe the use of the International Style in manuscript
illumination, painting and sculpture.
   C. Flemish Art
      1. Identify the works of both the first and second generation panel
painters.
      2. Compare the new oil painting technique with the techniques of
fresco and tempera.
   D. Describe the differing ways in which Flemish art spreads to Spain,
Portugal, France and German.
   E. The Italian Renaissance in Florence
      1. Compare secular architecture including Renaissance palace facades
with religious architecture.
      2. Evaluate the impact of new subject matter, materials and
techniques in both sculpture and painting.
   F. Discern ways in which the Florentine style is adopted and/or
modified in the architecture, sculpture and painting of other fifteenth
century Italian cities.

III. Renaissance Art in Sixteenth-Century Europe
   A. Describe the effects of the Reformation on art in Europe in the
sixteenth century.
   B. Evaluate the changing status of artists.
   C. Italian Art
      1. Compare and contrast paintings and sculpture created in Florence
and Northern Italy with paintings and sculpture created in Rome.
      2. Identify the architecture in Rome and its environs including the
sixteenth century work on St. Peter’s Basilica.
      3. Describe the Venetian painting style and changes in technique of
painting.
      4. Compare and contrast the architecture in Venice and the Veneto
with that of Rome.
   D. Identify the characteristics of Italian Mannerism in painting,
sculpture and architecture.
   E. Identify important examples of painting,  architecture, and the
craft arts created in the French court.
   F. Compare and contrast Netherlandish painting with painting and prints
from Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
   G. Discuss the role of court painters in England and Spain and compare
the architecture, sculpture and painting created by each.

IV. Baroque, Rococo and Early American Art
   A. Roman Baroque
      1. Evaluate the impact of the Counter-Reformation, the impact of new
scientific discoveries on the arts, and the new role of patrons.
      2. List and evaluate the important ways in which Baroque painting,
sculpture and architecture differs from that of the Renaissance.
      3. Identify and describe the role of illusionistic ceiling painting
in Roman Baroque art.
   B. French Baroque
      1. Describe palace architecture and its decoration.
      2. Compare and contrast the stylistic difference between the
sculpture and painting of France with that of Rome.
      3. Discuss the development of the French Academy.
   C. Demonstrate ways in which Spanish Baroque architecture and painting
mimics and differs from French and Roman Baroque styles.
   D. Flemish Baroque
      1. Identify the differences between the Poussinistes and the
Rubenistes by comparing French and Flemish Baroque styles.
      2. Discuss ways in which patronage impacts Flemish Baroque
painting.
   E. Dutch Baroque
      1. Evaluate the impact of the Reformation on the Dutch art market.
      2. Identify and describe the categories of paintings and prints
which emerged in the Netherlands during the sixteenth century.
   F. Compare and contrast English Baroque architecture with the
architecture created on the continent.
   G. Describe important examples of German and Austrian Baroque
architecture and sculpture.
   H. The Rococo Style
      1. Compare and contrast architecture and its decoration in Germany
and Austria with that created in France.
      2. Describe examples of Rococo decorative arts and how these
artifacts reflected social values of the era.
   I. Identify important examples of architecture and painting in Colonial
America before 1776.

IV. Neoclassicism and Romanticism in Europe and the United States
   A. Evaluate the significance of the French Revolution, the
Enlightenment and the concept of the Grand Tour on European society.
   B. Discuss Neoclassicism and Romanticism in English painting.
   C. Evaluate the role of Gothic revival architecture in England.
   D. French Neoclassicism and Romanticism
      1. Compare and contrast French Neoclassical painting with the
English giving special emphasis to the work of Jacques Louis David and his
students.
      2. Identify examples of French Romantic sculpture and painting and
evaluate the influence of Romantic literature on the visual arts.
   E. Identify and compare Neoclassical and Romantic architecture in
Germany and Spain.
   F. Neoclassicism and Romanticism in the United States
      1. Describe the influence of Neoclassicism on the so-called Federal
style of architecture in the U.S.
      2. Distinguish American Romantic painting from that of England and
France.

V. Realism to Impressionism in Europe and the United States
   A. Explain the influence of the age of Positivism and the Industrial
Revolution on the visual arts.
   B. Evaluate the impact of the France Academy on painting.
   C. Describe the advent of photography as an art form and identify the
photographic pioneers and their works.
   D. Naturalism and Realism
      1. Discuss the movements of Naturalism and Realism in France.
      2. Identify the ways in which Naturalism and Realism spread beyond
France.
   E. Art in the United States from 1850 to 1880
      1. Compare and contrast Neoclassical sculpture with Civil War
sculpture.
      2. Explain the importance of Civil War photography on painting and
vice versa.
   F. Discuss painting in England from 1840 to 1880 including the
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the arts and crafts movement.
   G. Impressionism
      1. Compare and contrast the stylistic differences between early
French Impressionism and later French Impressionism.
      2. Identify the characteristics and influence of Japonisme on
Impressionism.

VI. The Rise of Modernism in Europe and the United States
   A. Develop definition for “Modernism.”
   B. Post-Impressionism
      1. Describe ways in which Post-Impressionism both documents modern
life and alternatives to modern life.
      2. Differentiate between the Post-Impressionists who were interested
in examining form with those interested in expressionism.
      3. Identify the ways in which Auguste Rodin is considered the father
of modernist sculpture.
   C. Compare and contrast the Expressionist movements of Fauvism, Die
Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter.
   D. Cubism
      1. Explain the late nineteenth century origins of Cubism.
      2. Compare and contrast Analytic Cubism with Synthetic Cubism.
      3. Identify the various responses to Cubism including those in
France, Italian Futurism and Russian Suprematism.
   E. Architecture Before World War I
      1. Identify examples of American Beaux-Arts architecture to compare
with the early skyscrapers.
      2. Evaluate the impact of the early work of Frank Lloyd Wright and
the Prairie Style.
      3. Describe the characteristics of Art Nouveau architecture.
   F. European Art and Architecture Between the Wars
      1. Compare and contrast postwar classicism with Russian utilitarian
art forms and the De Stijl movement in the Netherlands.
      2. Describe the emergence and impact of the German Bauhaus followed
by the suppression of the avant-garde in Germany.
      3. Discuss the Dada movement both in Europe and America.
      4. Compare and contrast the various artists and sculpture of the
Surrealist movement and the impact of their work.
   G. American Art from 1900 to 1945
      1. Describe the European influences and the competing Realist styles
in pre-World War I America.
      2. Identify the American Scene painters and photographers.
      3. Compare and contrast the Regionists of the 1930s with the
resurgence of modernism before World War II.

VII. Art in the United States and Europe since World War II
   A. Identify the key figures and their work in postwar European art.
   B. Abstract Expressionism
      1. Describe the formative years and identify the precursors.
      2. Differentiate between Action Painting and Color Field Painting.
      3. Describe the role of women in Abstract Expressionism.
      4. Identify the ways in which the second generation of Abstract
Expressionism differs from the first.
   C. Alternative Developments following Abstract Expressionism
      1. Discuss the role of artists who return to the figure.
      2. Describe “Happenings” and discuss the impact of transitory
art.
      3. Distinguish ways in which Assemblage art differs from more
traditional sculpture.
      4. Discuss the development and key figures in the Pop Art movement.
      5. Compare and contrast the movements of Minimalism and
Conceptualism.
   D. From Modernism to Post-Modernism
      1. Identify key architectural buildings and ways in which they
differ from pre World War II architecture.
      2. Discuss ways in which Post-Conceptual Art differs from the
earlier movement.
      3. Determine the role of Earthworks in changing the venue for art
works.
      4. Discuss the development of Feminist Art and its impact.
   E. Post-Modernism
      1. Provide a definition for Post-Modernism.
      2. Identify the Neo-Expressionist artists and key examples of their
work.
      3. Discuss the resurgence of European Art and its impact.
      4. Describe ways in which Graffiti Art and Post-Conceptual Art are
similar and ways in which they differ.
      5. Art and Controversy
         a. Identify current trends and emerging artists.
         b. Provide a dialog about the role of the National Endowment for
the Arts, public art and public censorship.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Modernism
   A. Define modernism and describe its characteristic elements.
   B. Trace the origins of modernism in the nineteenth century including
the  movements of Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism and Impressionism.

II. Post Impressionism
   A. Explain the origins of abstraction and the contributions of Seurat
and Cezanne.
   B. Explain the origins of expressionism and the contributions of
Gauguin and Van Gogh.

III. The Turn of the Century
   A. Explain the impetus for the Art Nouveau movement and its application
in architecture and the decorative arts.
   B. Explain the revolutionary transformation which sculpture undergoes
from 1890 to 1914.
   C. Discuss the origins of modern architecture from 1880 to 1914
including the development of the skyscraper and the early work of Frank
Lloyd Wright.

IV. Expressionism
   A. Compare and contrast the stylistic elements of French Fauvism with
the German Expressionist movements of Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter.
   B. Discuss the emergence of printmaking as a major art form among the
German Expressionists.

V. The Cubist Revolution
   A. Identify and discuss Picasso's early works.
   B. Compare the stylistic elements of Analytic Cubism with those of
Synthetic Cubism.
   C. Identify the major Cubist sculptors and their pioneering works.

VI. Identify and examine  the impact of Cubism on the movement of Italian
Futurism, Russian Suprematism and the movement of De Stijl in
painting,sculpture and architecture.

VII. European Painting and Sculpture Between the Wars
   A. Evaluate the importance of the Dada movement on artists between the
two World Wars.
   B. Identify the key elements of Surrealism and identify the major
artists and sculptors of the movement.

VIII. Identify and examine  the major Innovations in Architecture Between
the Wars Including Expressionism, De Stijl, the International Style, the
Continued Evolution of Skyscrapers, and the Final Phases of the Career of
Frank Lloyd Wright

IX. The School of Paris Between the Wars
   A. Identify and describe the work of artists who return to
representation.
   B. Identify and compare the late works of Picasso, Matisse, and Miro
with their earlier works.

X. Evaluate the Development of International Abstraction in Painting and
Sculpture Including Constructionism and the Influence of the Bauhaus

XI. American Art: 1900-1940
   A. Identify the work of the so-called Ash Can School and compare it
with paintings from the same period being produced in Europe.
   B. Evaluate the impact of the Armory Show and the importance of Alfred
Steiglitz on the emergence of modernism in America.
   C. Compare and contrast the 1930s styles of Regionalism and Social
Realism.
   D. Identify the American Scene painters and their subject matter.
   E. Evaluate the work of the Mexican muralists and their influence on
American painters.

XII. The New York School:  Abstract Expressionism
   A. Compare and contrast Action/Gestural Painting with Color Field
Painting.
   B. Evaluate the significance of the major post-war American sculptors.

XIII. Postwar European Painting and Sculpture
   A. Evaluate the roles of CoBrA, Concrete Art, L’Art Informel on the
continent.
   B. Discuss the importance of British painters and sculptors in the
decade following World War II.

XIV. American Art of the 1960s
   A. Identify the key figures in the Pop Art movement and compare and
contrast their work with Happenings.
   B. Describe and identify key monuments of Assemblage and Environment.
   C. Compare and contrast the so-called Second Generation Abstract
Expressionists with the earlier proponents of this movement.
   D. Define the similarities and differences between Op Art, Hard-Edge
Abstraction and Minimalism.

XV. Compare and contrast Europe’s Major Movements of the ’60s: New
Realism, Pop Art and Optical and Kinetic Abstraction with the major
Movements in the U.S.

XVI. Architecture in Europe and America: 1950-1970
   A. Identify ways in which the International Style changes and is
diffused.
   B. Evaluate the late architecture of Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe
and Frank Lloyd Wright.
   C. Discuss the key issues of urban planning which emerge during this
period.

XVII. The Pluralistic Seventies
   A. Define and evaluate the meaning and impact of conceptual art.
   B. Describe key examples of Performance Art, Body Art and Video Art.
   C. Discuss the role of Earth and Site Works and how they differ from
Process Art.
   D. Examine the role of the Photo Realist artists and how their work
compares with figurative artists.
   E. Define the role of Pattern and Decoration and Feminist Art.


XVIII. The Retrospective Eighties and Post Modern Nineties
   A. Discuss the importance of both Neo-Expressionism and Appropriation
as major movements in the ’80s.
   B. Discuss the role of Graffiti and Cartoon artists.
   C. Identify ways in which Video and Electronic Art are shaping the art
of the future.
   D. Define the role of Installations in contemporary art.
   E. Identify ways in which the Neo-Abstraction of the ’80s differs
from abstract art created earlier in the century.

XIX. Identify the Major Monuments and Important Concepts of Post-Modern
Architecture

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Early Art in India, China and Japan
   A. Trace the development of the sociopolitical and technological
changes from the Paleolithic period through the first civilizations.
      1. List the characteristics of Paleolithic life in Japan.
      2. List the characteristics of Neolithic life in China.
      3. List the characteristics of life in the Indus Valley
civilization.
   B. Compare aesthetic elements differentiating early art.
      1. Recognize and describe the indigenous aesthetic elements which
mark Jomon period Japanese ceramics.
      2. Recognize and describe the indigenous aesthetic elements which
mark the ceramics of Neolithic China.
      3. Recognize and describe the aesthetic elements which mark low
relief and sculpture in the round of the Indus Valley Civilization.

II. Bronze Art from the Shang Through Han Dynasties
   A. Explain the change in function of bronzes.
      1. Compare the power structure of each dynasty.
      2. Compare religious/philosophical beliefs of each dynasty.
   B. Trace the stylistic development of bronzes.
      1. Recognize and describe the indigenous aesthetic elements which
appear in bronzes from the Shang dynasty onward.
      2. Identify new stylistic characteristics of bronzes of each
dynasty.
      3. Explain the processes used in the production of bronzes.

III. Funerary Art and Architecture from the Zhou Through Han Dynasties
   A. Explain the ways in which religious and political factors influenced
the development of funerary art and architecture.
      1. Evaluate the reign of Chin Shihuangdi.
      2. Evaluate the effect of the Great Wall of China.
   B. Explain the ways in which popular and formal systems of religious
thought were depicted in funerary art and architecture.
      1. Interpret the motifs from the Mawangdui banner and the Wu
shrine.
   C. Explain the ways in which indigenous aesthetic elements appear in
funerary art and architecture.
      1. Identify and describe significant artifacts including banners,
relief sculpture and ceramic tile.

IV. Expansion of Chinese Culture into Japan
   A. Compare indigenous Japanese architecture with continental methods of
construction.
      1. Identify and describe the great shrine complexes.
      2. Evaluate the role of nature in shrine architecture.
   B. Compare indigenous Japanese funerary art and architecture with
continental models.
      1. Identify and describe the great tomb complexes.
      2. Evaluate the role of the emperor system in tomb archaeology

V. Buddhist Art in India
   A. Summarize the major events in the iconography of the Buddha’s
life.
      1. List the ways the Buddha was depicted aniconically.
   B. Trace the development of Buddhist architecture. 
      1. Identify and describe the components of chaitya halls and
stupas.
   C. Trace the development of the major Buddhist images.
      1. Distinguish between the Buddha and Bodhisattva images.
      2. Distinguish between Mathuran, Gandharan and Gupta styles.

VI. Expansion of Buddhist Art and Architecture into China and Japan 
   A. Evaluate the impact of Buddhism on Chinese and Japanese culture.
      1. Summarize significant literary, sociopolitical and religious
changes.
   B. Explain the ways in which indigenous aesthetics changed Buddhist art
and architecture in China and Japan.
      1. Identify and describe significant painting, sculpture and
temples.

VII. Hindu Art in India
   A. Summarize the religious beliefs comprising Hinduism and distinguish
between the major deities.
      1. Identify significant sculptural examples of each deity.
   B. Identify and describe the aesthetic elements marking Hindu art.
      1. Compare and contrast early Hindu and Buddhist art.
   C. Identify and describe the characteristics and uses of Hindu
temples.
      1. Differentiate between northern and southern styles of temples.
   D. List the theories concerning the use of architectural sculpture on
Hindu temples.
      1. Evaluate the colonial response to Hindu architectural sculpture.

VIII. Chinese Secular Art 
   A. Explain the theory of painting recorded in the  Six Principles” by
Xie He.
      1. Evaluate the works of Gu Kaizhi in light of the  Six
Principles.”
      2. Compare and contrast Western attitudes toward original artworks
with the value of copying embodied in the  Six Principles.”
   B. Explain the ways in which religious and political factors influenced
the development of landscape painting.
      1. Identify and describe major motifs in painting prior to the
popularization of landscape.
      2. Compare Northern and Southern Song dynasty styles of landscape.
      3. Compare professional and literati styles of landscape.
   C. Explain the ways in which Dong Qichang influenced landscape
painting.
      1. Compare the styles of Orthodox and Individualist painting.
   D. Evaluate Western influences on Chinese painting and painting
theory.

IX. Japanese Style Painting ("Yamato-e")
   A. Explain the ways in which religious and political factors influenced
the development of yamato-e.
      1. Trace the stylistic development of yamato-e.
      2. Explain the techniques used in the production of yamato-e.
   B. Identify and describe indigenous aesthetic elements in yamato-e.
      1. Identify and interpret the differences between yamato-e and
Chinese figurative painting.

X. Zen Art and Architecture  
   A. Summarize the religious beliefs comprising Zen Buddhism and contrast
them with other major Buddhist traditions.
      1. Explain the influence of Taoism and Shintoism on Zen.
      2. Explain the ways in which Zen matched the needs of the samurai.
      3. Explain the role of monasteries in creating artworks.
   B. Define Zen art.
      1. Identify and describe the relationship between Chinese Southern
Song dynasty painting and Zen art.
      2. Identify and interpret motifs in Zen painting.
      3. Explain how Zen gardens are three-dimensional paintings.
   C. Identify and describe the aesthetic characteristics of tea ceremony
art and architecture.
      1. Identify and describe significant examples of tea huts and
bowls.
   D. Justify the benefits of the tea ceremony.
      1. Evaluate the Western response to the tea ceremony.

XI. Japanese Decorative Painting and Prints
   A. Trace the development of a decorative style of painting on folding
screens and sliding doors in the Momoyama and Edo periods.
      1. Explain the influence of castle architecture on this
development.
   B. Compare the decorative style with the Chinese ink painting tradition
as practiced in Japan.
      1. Explain the influence of the merchant class on this development.
   C. Trace the development of popular culture themes in painting and
prints. 
      1. Explain the influence of sumptuary laws on this development.
   D. Summarize the introduction of Japanese prints to the West.
      1. Evaluate the Western response to Japanese prints.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Elusive Image
   A. Trace the history of the camera obscura and its relationship to the
search for accurate perspective rendering and the attempt to copy
reality.
   B. Explain the first uses of light to alter things and form images. 
   C. Describe the Romans’ use of the pinhole camera. 

II. Invention
   A. Describe “sun prints” and the first attempts to fix an image.
   B. Explain Niepce’s early experiments with heliographs.
   C. Describe the collaboration of Niepce and Daguerre and the
“official birth” of photography.
   D. Explain the invention of the calotype by William Henry Fox Talbot
and its importance.
   E. Describe the experiments of Sir John Herschel and explain the
importance of the discovery of “hypo” for “fixing” images.

III. The Daguerreotype: The Mirror with a Memory
   A. Describe the daguerreotype, its process and characteristics. Explain
the problem with speed.
   B. Explain John Goddard’s solution to the speed problem and its
effect: the popularization of portraits.
   C. Describe the impact of the daguerreotype in America and subsequent
mechanical improvements.
   D. Describe Southworth’s and Hawes’ contributions to American
portraiture.
   E. Explain why the daguerreotype’s popularity faded.  Some reasons:
one of a kind, fragile, expensive.

IV. The Calotype: The Pencil of Nature
   A. Describe William Henry Fox Talbot’s invention of the talbotype
process and its underlying principle: the development of the latent
image.
   B. Describe the work of Hill and Adamson, the first artists successful
with the calotype.
   C. Explain the influence of painting on photography.
   D. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of the competing
photographic processes: calotype, daguerreotype, and talbotype. Analyze
the effect of Talbot’s legal action of claiming rights to the process.

V. Portraits for the Millions
   A. Describe the wet collodion process, its advantages over
daguerreotypes and calotype, and its inconveniences.
   B. Describe improvements in lens technology.
   C. Describe alternative processes and their characteristics: albumen
prints, salt prints, carbon prints, and tintypes.
   D. Explain carte-de-visite vs. Nadar.

VI. Art Photography
   A. Describe the nature of the early debate about the question of
“Photography as Art.”
   B. Explain the use of photographs as allegory: telling stories with
photographs.
   C. Describe the work of Rejlander and Robinson and their use of
combination printing.
   D. Explain the evolution of the acceptance of photography as an art in
its own right.

VII. A New Form of Communication
   A. Explain the nature of the belief in the authenticity of the
photograph as truth.
   B. Describe the stereograph process and its impact on society and
understanding of foreign locales.
   C. Describe the work of war photographer Roger Fenton and the impact of
his images of the Crimean War.
   D. Describe the work of society and war photographer Matthew Brady and
the impact of his images of the American Civil War.
   E. Describe the images and their effects of “expeditionary
photographers.” Example: the establishment of national parks and opening
of the wilderness.

VIII. The Conquest of Action
   A. Describe Eadweard Muybridge’s study of “animal locomotion” and
explain its significance.
   B. Compare Muybridge’s motion photographs with the work of Marray.
   C. Explain the importance of the development of the dry-plate process.
   D. Describe the significance of the establishment of Kodak and George
Eastman’s contributions to the popularization of “photography for the
masses.”
   E. Describe the impact of the development of small, hand-held cameras
and the “detective” camera.
   F. Explain the importance of Jacob Riis’ documentary projects and
their impact on society.

IX. Pictorial Photography
   A. Review the work of the early pictorialists Henry Peach Robinson and
Peter Henry Emerson. Explain their effect on the revision of the concepts
of photography as an art.
   B. Describe the organization “The Linked Ring” and its influence.
   C. Explain the importance and influence of Alfred Steiglitz, his
galleries and publications.
   D. Describe the influence of the photographer organizations the Photo
Secession and the Camera Club of New York.

X. Straight Photography
   A. List and describe characteristics of “straight” photography.
   B. Contrast straight photography with pictorialism.
   C. Discuss the influence of Steiglitz and Paul Strand.
   D. Describe the “f/64 Group.” Explain its philosophy and influence
on Western photography.

XI. In Conquest of Form
   A. Describe the influence of the other visual arts on photography.
   B. Review the interrelationship of movements like Cubism and Dadaism
and photography.
   C. Describe the contribution of Alexander Rodchenko and other Eastern
Europeans.
   D. Describe how photographers began expressing social and political
issues.

XII. Instant Vision
   A. Explain the impact of amateur photographers and the increasing
popularity of snapshots.
   B. Review the work of Jacques Henri Lartigue as a prime sample of the
dedicated amateur.
   C. Describe the beginnings of photojournalism, its importance and
influence.
   D. Review the photography of Erich Solomon and Andre Kertesz. Describe
their influence.
   E. Describe the work and philosophy of Henri Cartier-Bresson. Explain
the concept of “The Decisive Moment.”
   F. Describe the work of Harold Edgerton and his invention of the
electronic flash. Review his work with the flash to reveal previously
unseeable phenomena.

XIII. Documentary Photography
   A. List the characteristics of documentary photography.
   B. Review the work of early documentary photographers Lewis Hine and
Jacob Riis.
   C. Explain what the Farm Security Administration was and the impact of
the work of its photographers on society, American visual history, and on
other photographers.
   D. Review the work of European documentary photographers Eugene Atget
and August Sander.

XIV. Photojournalism
   A. Describe the characteristics of journalistic photography.
   B. Discuss the use by magazines such as Harper’s Weekly of
photographs as “proof.”
   C. Explain the importance of the invention of the half-tone printing
process.
   D. Review the rise of the “photo essay” and the impact of magazines
such as Life.

XV. In Color
   A. Describe how early photographers added color to photographs.
   B. Review the technological development of color films. Explain the
importance of Kodachrome.
   C. Describe the additive and subtractive color processes.
   D. Review the work of photographers who use(d) color as an integral
part of their aesthetic.

XVI. New Directions
   A. Describe the Polaroid process and its impact.
   B. Review technological improvements and their impact on imaging and
aesthetics.
   C. Identify the work and describe the influence of the major late 20th
century art photographers, such as: Uelsman, Callahan, Siskind, Arbus,
White, Larry Clark, Weston, Adams.

Content Outline and Competencies:

Because of the nature of a Special Topics course, the course Content Outline and Competencies will vary, depending on the Special Topic being offered. The Special Topics course outlines must be designed in the standard format for all JCCC-approved courses and must include the standard course objectives for a Special Topics class. The course Content Outline and Competencies must be written in outcome-based language. In order to maintain course consistency, rigor, and uniqueness, each section of this course first must be reviewed and approved by the Art History faculty prior to its being offered. The Arts, Humanities and Social Science Division Curriculum Committee and the Division Dean will review each Special Topics course to be offered and approve the course content. The AHSS Division will also determine when and if the course may be taught based on the instructional needs of both the department and the division. Individual faculty members are responsible for the creation of Special Topics courses and for seeking approval to teach them. Any specific Special Topics topic may not be repeated within a two-year sequence.