Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Nature of Science
   A. Recognize science as a process rather than a collection of "facts."
   B. Identify the major steps of the scientific method.
   C. Apply scientific reasoning to real world problems.
   D. Explain fundamental aspects of good experimental design.
   E. Construct scientific hypotheses that give rise to testable
predictions.
   F. Interpret scientific data presented in charts, graphs, and tables.
   G. Evaluate credibility of sources of scientific information.
   H. Differentiate a scientific hypothesis from a scientific theory.

II. Levels of Organization and Emergent Properties of Life
   A. Predict outcomes of basic molecular interactions in organisms using
concepts of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
   B. Infer chemical properties and functions of biological macromolecules
from their structure.
   C. Describe the significance of cellular components common to all
living cells.
   D. Analyze the functional interconnections between major components of
cells.
   E. Illustrate how cells show all the essential properties of living
things.
   F. Recognize cells as the basic unit of organization for all living
things.
   G. Relate structure to function at various levels of biological
organization.
   H. Relate genotype of phenotype.
   I. Extrapolate population-level evolutionary mechanisms to
macroevolutionary processes.
   J. Correlate interactions among biotic and abiotic components to
dynamics at various ecological levels.

III. Bioenergetics
   A. Compare and contrast different forms of energy used by organisms.
   B. Illustrate how the physical laws of thermodynamics apply at various
levels of biological organization.
   C. Relate cell membrane function to its structure.
   D. Explain the role of enzymes in metabolism.
   E. Apply concepts of enzyme activity to biological case studies.
   F. Extrapolate concepts of cellular respiration and photosynthesis to
movement of energy and nutrients in living systems. 

IV. Reproduction
   A. Compare and contrast modes of cellular reproduction between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
   B. Compare and contrast mitotic and meiotic cell division.
   C. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
relative to sexual reproduction.
   D. Relate results of cellular reproduction with outcomes at the level
of organismal reproduction.

V. Principles of Genetics
   A. Analyze basic patterns of inheritance in eukaryotic organisms.
   B. Apply the chromosomal theory of inheritance to patterns of
inheritance.
   C. Differentiate genetic from environmental influences on phenotype.
   D. Relate DNA to chromosomes.
   E. Illustrate the significance of complimentary base pairing for DNA
replication and protein synthesis.
   F. Explain how the information encoded in DNA influences the
phenotype.
   G. Infer the implications of mutation at various levels of biological
organization.
   H. Describe how DNA can be manipulated for various genetic
technologies.

VI. Evolution
   A. Predict the effects of various mechanisms of evolution on allele
frequencies in populations.
   B. Identify the conditions necessary for various mechanisms of
evolution to occur.
   C. Explain the significance of reproductive isolation in speciation.
   D. Compare and contrast basic modes of speciation.
   E. Relate classification to phylogeny.
   F. Describe the major processes that lead to patterns of evolution seen
among various organisms.
   G. Differentiate major lineages of organisms from one another.
   H. Explain the evolutionary and biological significance of defining
characteristics of major lineages of organisms.

VII. Principles of Ecology
   A. Differentiate abiotic environmental components from biotic
environmental components.
   B. Correlate interactions among biotic and abiotic environmental
components to dynamics at various ecological levels.
   C. Differentiate the various levels at which ecology is studied from
one another.
   D. Interpret ecological data presented in charts, graphs, and tables.
   E. Analyze the cost and benefits of various ecological strategies
employed by organisms.
   F. Illustrate ways in which humans are a biotic component of the
environment.
   G. Evaluate conservation strategies using concepts of genetics and
mechanisms of evolution.

VIII. Scientific Laboratory Skills
   A. Demonstrate use of technologies appropriate to laboratory and field
studies.
   B. Perform detailed observations of organisms and their environments in
both field and laboratory settings.
   C. Construct scientific hypotheses that give rise to testable
predictions.
   D. Design and perform scientific experiments and observation
protocols.
   E. Analyze quantitative data collected through observation and
experimentation.
   F. Interpret scientific data presented in charts, graphs, and tables.
   G. Draw conclusions from scientific data.

Course grade will be determined through exams, quizzes, practicals,
and additional assignments, which may include, papers, projects,
presentations, homework, etc.

Exams: 45-65% of final grade. At least three (3) exams will be given; if
more than four (4) are given and other designated criteria are met, one
exam may be dropped at the professor's discretion.

Practicals: 15% of final grade. Three (3) laboratory practicals will be
given, each worth 5% of the total course grade.

Quizzes: 5-25% of final grade.

Additional projects, papers, presentations, readings, etc.: 15-35% of
final grade.

Grading scale:
A = 90-100%
B = 80- 89%
C = 70- 79%
D = 60- 69%
F = below 60%

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Plant Cell and Mitosis
   A. Describe the plant cell organelles and the functions of each.
   B List the stages of mitosis in order and describe each stage.
   C. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
   D. Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

II. Prokaryotes
   A. List the three bacterial types and general bacterial
characteristics.
   B. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
   C. List the characteristics of blue-green bacteria and compare with
bacteria.
   D. Name three genera of blue-green bacteria.

III. Euglenoids and Diatoms
   A. Describe Euglena anatomy and list the functions of each organelle.
   B. Describe Diatoms and their reproduction.
   C. Reproduce the Vaucheria life cycle.
   D. Compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction in diatoms.

IV. Chlorophyta
   A. Differentiate between six genera of green algae.
   B. Compare and contrast Spirogyr, Chlamydomonas and Fucus life cycles.
   C. Compare red and brown algae.
   D. List the number of species in each division.

V. Fungi
   A. List the characteristics of fungi.
   B. List the classification of fungi as to division and class.
   C. Describe lichens and differentiate between the three growth forms.
   D. List five economic uses of fungi.

VI. Bryophytes and Lower Vascular Plants
   A. Compare and contrast Marchantia and moss life cycles.
   B. Differentiate between bryophytes and moss life cycles.
   C. Compare Psilotophyta and Lycophyta.
   D. Describe the life cycle of Selanginella.

VII. Fern Allies and Gymnosperms
   A. Describe ferns and compare with Equisetum.
   B. Compare and contrast fern and pine life cycles.
   C. Differentiate seed plants from pteridophytes.
   D. List five economic uses of the Pinophyta.

VIII. Flowering Plants
   A. List all flower parts and describe their functions.
   B. Compare and contrast the various fruit types.
   C. Describe the life cycle of flowering plants.
   D. Compare and contrast Monocots and Dicots.

IX. Stems and Tissues
   A. Define the function of plant tissues.
   B. Describe the structure and function of stems.
   C. Compare woody and herbaceous dicots with monocot stems.
   D. List five examples of modified stems.

X. Roots and Leaves
   A. Describe root and leaf structure and function.
   B. Compare and contrast modified roots and leaves.
   C. Differentiate between tissues of roots and leaves.
   D. List five examples of specialized roots and leaves.

XI. Photosynthesis and Respiration
   A. Compare and list the differences between Light and Dark Reactions.
   B. List the steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
   C. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration.
   D. Compare and contrast the ATP gain in aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.

XII. Transpiration and Water Movement
   A. Describe the cohesion-tension theory and phloem transport.
   B. Differentiate between macro and micro nutrients.
   C. Describe tropisms and plant hormone reactions.
   D. Define transpiration.

XIII. Ecology
   A. Draw and label a tropic level pyramid.
   B. Describe the various plant biomes.
   C. List and describe four recycled products.
   D. Describe succession on land and water.

XIV. Taxonomy
   A. Use a dichotomous key for plants.
   B. Compare monocots and dicots.
   C. List several families of both monocots and dicots.
   D. Differentiate between convergent and divergent evolution.

XV. Evolution
   A. Describe the theory of Natural Selection as proposed by Charles
Darwin.
   B. List the geologic periods and years in order.
   C. Define Endosymbiotic Hypotheses.
   D. Compare plants and animals as to the period in which they
flourished.

   Weekly Tests             56% of grade
   Lab Practicals           37% of grade
   Scientific Paper          7% of grade
     Total                 100%

Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing
and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises
and projects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Cells and Mitosis

A. Describe the structure and functions of the cell organelles.

B. List in order the stages of mitosis and the characteristics of each stage.

C. Compare animal and plant cells.

D. Define diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

II. Architectural Patterns of Animals

A. List and describe the stages of development from zygote to gastrula.

B. List in order the levels of organization from cell to biosphere.

C. Compare and contrast Protstomes and Deuterostomes.

D. List the seven ranks used in classification.

III. Protozoa

A. List the characteristics of protozoans.

B. Name the various phyla and give examples of each.

C. Compare and contrast the modes of locomotion.

D. List the seven ranks used in classification.

IV. Porifera

A. List the characteristics and contributions of proifera.

B. List the classes and their representatives.

C. Compare and contrast the modes of locomotion.

D. Describe the functions of the organelles used by protozoans.

V. Cnidaria

A. List the characteristics and contributions of cnidarians.

B. Name the classes and their representatives.

C. Compare polyp and medusa stages.

D. Describe the various cell types.

VI. Platyhelminthes

A. List the characteristics and contributions of flatworms.

B. Names the classes and their representatives.

C. Compare and contrast fluke and tapeworm life cycles.

D. Differentiate between free?living and parasitic forms.

VII. Nematodes and Rotifers and Gastrotrichs

A. List the characteristics of pseudocoelomates.

B. Name the phyla presented and list their representatives.

C. Compare and contrast the various nematode life cycles.

D. Define parthenogenesis and cell constancy.

VIII. Mollusca

A. List the characteristics and contributions of mollusks.

B. Name the phyla presented and list their representatives.

C. Compare gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods.

D. Differentiate between torsion and coiling.

IX. Annelida

A. List the characteristics and contributions of annelids.

B. List the classes and their representatives.

C. Compare and contrast the three classes.

D. Describe earthworm reproduction.

X. Arthropoda

A. List the characteristics and contributions of arthropods.

B. List the representatives and their subphyla and classes.

C. Compare and contrast the various groups.

D. Differentiate between the three types of metamorphosis.

XI. Chordata (Fish)

A. List the characteristics and contributions of chordates.

B. List the subphyla and classes and their representatives.

C. Compare and contrast the various fish classes.

D. Differentiate between the types of scale.

XII. Echinodermata

A. List the characteristics and contributions of echinoderms.

B. Name the classes and their representatives.

C. Differentiate between the parts of the water vascular system.

D. Compare and contrast each system.

XIII. Amphibias

A. List and describe the various characteristics of amphibians.

B. Name the orders and their representatives.

C. Draw the frog life cycle and use time frames.

D. Describe the various chromatophores.

XIV. Reptilia

A. Describe and list the characteristics of reptiles.

B. List the orders and their representatives.

C. Compare and contrast the various orders.

D. List three ways the order crocodilia is unique.

XV. Aves

A. Describe and list the characteristics of birds.

B. List the parts of the feather.

C. Compare precocial and altricial birds.

D. Compare and contrast ratite and carinate birds.

XVI. Mammali

A. Describe and list the characteristics of mammals.

B. List the orders and their representatives.

C. Compare reproduction in Monotremes, Marsupials and other mammals.

D. Differentiate between horns and antlers.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Overview and Basic Principles
   A. Describe the context and scope of public health, including history,
philosophy, literature, essential services, ethics, and applications to
current events.
      1. Review public health in historical and modern perspectives.
   B. Identify public health as a system.
      1. Explain the features of public health
      2. Review the definitions of public health
   C. Describe the role of the Public Health Workforce.

II. Epidemiologic principles. 
   A. Describe rates, risk factors, and health status indicators of
morbidity and mortality.
      1. Identify disease determinants and causation
      2. Describe the types of epidemiologic research. 
   B. Describe public health surveillance and vital statistics.
      1. Analyze and interpret epidemiological data and statistics.
      2. Identify population groups that experience health disparities
using epidemiological data and statistics.

III. Population Health Tools
   A. Describe health communication and informatics
      1. Access and evaluate the quality of health information and data in
the mass media.
      2. Describe the importance of culturally competent health
information
      3. Explain how culturally competent educational interventions are
designed for specific target populations.
      4. Explain how culturally competent educational interventions
improve health outcomes, including populations that experience health
disparities.
   B. Describe health and social and behavioral sciences.
      1. Explain the impact of diversity, ethnicity, culture and heritage
on health and illness.
      2. Explain the impact of social and behavioral health on health and
illness.
      3. Explain the impact of nutrition on health and illness.
      4. Describe the role of physical activity in maintaining health and
wellness.
      5. Identify educational interventions that target nutrition and
physical exercise as key components of health and wellness.
      6. Identify methods for altering behaviors at the individual and
population levels.
   C. Review Health policy, law, and ethics.
      1. Describe the tools for implementing health decisions.
      2. Identify the potential tensions between individual rights and
social responsibilities.
      3. Review the role of government and law in design and
implementation of public health policy.

IV. Disease and Disability: Determinants, Burdens and Interventions
   A. Review the role of environmental health and safety in public
health.
      1. Describe the environmental issues in public health including
chemicals and pesticides, air and water pollutants, and solid and
hazardous wastes.
      2. Describe the impact of food and drug safety on public health.
      3. Describe the impact of population growth and climate change on
public health.
   B. Review the role of infectious diseases in public health.
      1. Recognize the effects of infectious diseases on longevity and
quality of life.
      2. Explain the demographic distribution and epidemiology of
infectious diseases.
      3. Identify methods of prevention, detection, and control of
infectious diseases from a population perspective.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in
infectious disease prevention.
   C. Review the role of chronic diseases in public health.
      1. Recognize the effects of chronic diseases on longevity and
quality of life.
      2. Explain the demographic distribution and epidemiology of chronic
diseases.
      3. Identify methods to prevent, detect, treat, and minimize the
impact of chronic diseases.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in chronic
disease prevention and detection.
 
V. Healthcare and public health systems
   A. Describe the composition of the public health workforce.
      1. Explain the size and distribution of the public health
workforce.
      2. Explain the roles of public health workers.
      3. Describe the diverse nature of public health disciplines.
      4. Review the interdisciplinary nature of public health
professionals.
      5. Describe the employment options within the healthcare and public
health workforce.
   B. Review the organization of healthcare and public health systems
      1. Explain the institutions and structures of healthcare and public
health systems.
      2. Review the major national and international public health
infrastructures.
      3. Describe the roles and complementary responsibilities of
healthcare and public health systems.
      4. Explain the mechanisms, including insurance systems, for paying
for healthcare services.
   C. Identify the costs, quality, and access to healthcare and public
health services.
      1. Review the reasons for healthcare costs.
      2. Explain the criteria for healthcare quality. 
      3. Describe the effects of inadequate access to quality healthcare.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in
healthcare access.
   D. Describe public health preparedness and disaster management
      1. Identify the essential roles of public health in preparedness for
and response to natural or terrorism-related disasters
      2. Explain the bioterrorism threats to public health including
infectious diseases, threats to air and water quality and to the nation's
food supply.

VI. Special Public Health Education Focus Areas
   A. Describe health disparities and vulnerable populations
      1. Review public health's commitment to vulnerable populations.
      2. Identify specific health care areas of disparity including
maternal and child care, aging, persons with disabilities and minority
groups.
      3. Explain the impact of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations
on healthcare.
      4. Describe the role of cultural competence in designing health
education interventions for vulnerable populations.
   B. Review the role of public health in global health
      1. Describe the burden and distribution of disease on an
international level
      2. Identify the effects of globalization on public health
      3. Identify cross-national collaborations to find solutions for
global public health concerns.
      4. Identify population groups that experience disparities in health
globally.

Evaluation of student mastery of course competencies will be
accomplished using the following methods: There will be a minimum of three
examinations and a final examination. Material for examinations may be
taken from the lectures, textbook, handouts, and other assignments such as
discussion board questions and homework. In addition, there will be at
least one project/presentation. Examinations 65 – 70%. Homework and
other assignments 30 – 35%.
 
Grading Scale:
  A =  90% - 100%
  B =  80% -  89%
  C =  70% -  79% 
  D =  60% -  69% 
  F =   0% -  59%

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Application of the Scientific Method

A. Construct testable hypotheses.

B. Design and conduct laboratory experiments.

C. Analyze and report experimental results.

II. Basic  Biochemical Foundations of Biological Organization

A. Distinguish between atoms and elements and list the six elements that compose over 90% of living matter.

B. Name the subatomic particles and relate the atom’s structure to its chemical properties.

C. Describe electron orbital configuration and how it affects an element’s reactivity.

D. Name the three types of chemical bonds and how each are formed.

E. Describe the mechanism of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

F. Identify the four major groups of organic molecules and describe their functions in cells.

III. The Cellular Structures and Their Functions

A. Describe the cell theory.

B. Differentiate between prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells and viruses.

C. Describe the advantages of specialization in eukaryotic cells.

D. Describe structure and function of a cell wall, plasma membrane and cytoskeleton.

E. Name and explain the functions of organelles comprising eukaryotic cells.

F. Describe the fluid mosaic model.

G. Describe the connection between structure and function in living systems.

IV. Basic Principles of Cellular Metabolism

A. Define energy and the laws of thermodynamics.

B. Explain the role of ATP as an energy coupler.

C. Outline the generalized formula for photosynthesis.

D. Describe the light-dependent and light-independent pathways of photosynthesis.

E. Relate the structure and function of a chloroplast.

F. Outline the generalized formula for aerobic respiration.

G. Describe glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation.

H. Relate the structure and function of a mitochondrion.

I. Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

V. Forms of Cell Division

A. Describe binary fission.

B. List the stages of the cell cycle.

C. Describe the phases of mitosis and meiosis.

D. Compare the results of mitosis and meiosis.

E. Differentiate between nuclear division and cytokinesis.

F. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.

G. Describe reproduction and development in plants and animals.

VI. The Basic Principles of Mendelian and Molecular Genetics

A. Explain the Mendelian principles of heredity.

B. Relate the steps of meiosis to the Mendelian principles of heredity.

C. Describe inheritance patterns including dominance, incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis and pleiotropy.

D. Outline the steps in DNA replication.

E. Describe transcription and translation.

F. Describe the mechanisms that cause mutations.

G. Explain how genes are regulated in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

H. Compare and contrast the mechanisms by which allele frequencies change within a population and analyze the genetic outcomes of such mechanisms.

I. Identify the methods utilized in genetic engineering.

VII. Proper Use of Scientific Equipment in a Laboratory Setting

A. Operate microscopes and other biological equipment properly and safely.

B. Make wet mount slides for use in microscopy.

C. Perform measurements using the metric system.

D. Collect and analyze data using appropriate technology.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Orientation to Human Anatomy

A. List the levels of organization, giving examples of each.

B. Discuss anatomical terminology.

1. Explain the origins of our present day terminology.

2. Describe the process of word analysis, and define and give examples of combining terms, prefixes and suffixes.

C. Identify the planes of reference and descriptive terms for body positions.

D. Outline the body cavities and describe their contents and membranes.

II. The Body’s Microscopic Organization

A. Cytology

1. Relate the cell theory.

2. Recognize parts of the typical cell and describe their functions.

3. Define the cell cycle.

a. State the significance of the cell cycle.

b. List the stages of mitosis and give their distinguishing characteristics.

B. Histology

1. Classify tissues and list their functions.

2. Describe epithelial tissues.

a. Classify types of epithelia.

b. Describe types of membranes.

c. List the types of glands.

3. Describe connective tissues and their functions.

a. Define the types of connective tissue propers.

b. Describe the supporting connective tissues.

c. Describe the specialized connective tissue and blood.

4. Describe muscular tissues.

5. Describe nervous tissues.

6. Recognize neurons and their parts.

7. List the neuroglia and their functions.

III. Protection, Support and Movement

A. The integumentary system

1. List the functions of the integumentary system.

2. Identify the layers and their histology.

3. Discuss derivatives of the epidermis.

B. The skeletal system

1. List the functions of the skeletal system.

2. Describe bone structure.

a. Classify bones into types based on their structure.

b. Define the major surface bone markings.

c. Identify the structures of a longitudinal section of a long bone.

3. Distinguish between the two types of bone growth.

a. Discuss endochondral ossification.

b. Discuss intramembranous ossification.

4. Define the axial skeleton.

a. Identify the elements of the skull and the major surface features of each.

b. Classify the vertebrae by their regional characteristics.

c. Identify the elements of the vertebral column and the major features of each.

d. Identify the elements of the rib cage and their major surface features.

e. Classify the articulated ribs as true, false or floating.

5. Define the appendicular skeleton.

a. Compare and contrast the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

1) Identify the elements of the pectoral girdle and the major surface features of each.

2) Identify the elements of the pelvic girdle and the major surface features of each.

b. Compare and contrast the upper and lower extremities.

1) Identify the elements of the upper extremity and the major surface features of each.

2) Identify the elements of the lower extremity and the major surface features of each.

C. Articulations

1. Discuss the classification of joints.

a. Explain the structural categories of joints.

b. Explain the functional categories of joints.

2. Identify and describe examples of synarthroses.

3. Identify and describe examples of amphiarthroses.

4. Identify and describe examples of diarthroses.

a. Discuss characteristics of synovial joints.

b. List and discuss the six types of synovial joints.

c. Define the various types of movements that occur at synovial joints.

D. The muscular system

1. Describe fascial elements.

2. List the functions and general properties of muscle tissue.

3. Describe the structure of skeletal muscles.

4. Discuss the components and functions of a neuromuscular junction.

5. Explain the various bases for naming muscles.

6. Recognize the major muscles of the head and neck.

7. Recognize the major muscles of the body wall.

8. Recognize the major muscles of the upper extremity.

9. Recognize the major muscles of the lower extremity.

IV. Integration and Coordination

A. Organization of the nervous system

1. Explain the major anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system.

2. Identify the primary components of the central nervous system.

3. Identify the primary components of the peripheral nervous system.

4. Identify the primary components of the autonomic nervous system.

B. Histology of the nervous system.

1. Describe the principal structures and functions of neurons.

a. Classify the various types of neurons structurally.

b. Classify the various types of neurons functionally.

2. Identify and discuss the functions and locations of the various types of neuroglia.

C. The central nervous system

1. Discuss the structures and functions of the spinal cord.

a. Identify the major structures of the spinal cord.

b. Identify and explain the major ascending and descending pathways.

2. Discuss the structures and functions of the brain.

a. Explain the principal structures of the brain to their general functions.

b. Relate the principal structures of the brain to their general functions.

1) List the functions of the telencephalon.

2) List the functions of the diencephalons.

3) List the functions of the mesencephalon.

4) List the functions of the metencephalon.

5) List the functions of the myelencephalon.

c. Explain the role of the meninges in protecting the central nervous system.

1) Describe the general structure of the meningeal layers.

2) Identify each of the major dural reflections around the brain.

d. Discuss cerebrospinal fluid in relation to the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space.

1) Describe the processes and structure involved in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.

2) Trace the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the central nervous system.

D. Special senses

1. Examine the general anatomical structures involved with the special senses.

a. Identify the major olfactory structures and discuss their functions.

b. Describe the major gustatory structures and discuss their functions.

c. Describe the major visual structures and discuss their functions.

d. Describe the major structures of hearing and balance and discuss their functions.

2. Compare and contrast the special and general senses.

E. Peripheral nervous system

1. Name the cranial nerves, identify their distribution and summarize their functions.

2. Examine a cross-section of a spinal nerve, identify the origin and distribution of the spinal nerves and summarize their function.

3. Recognize the major nerve plexuses and identify the parts of the body that they serve.

4. Recognize the major nerves of the upper extremity, the lower extremity, the body wall and the head and neck.

5. Determine the functional impairment resulting from denervation.

6. Describe a simple reflex arc.

F. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

1. Describe effectors, preganglionic neurons, postganglionic neurons and ganglia.

2. Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS in structure and function.

3. Identify the ANS centers of control found in the central nervous system.

4. List the effects of the ANS on the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems.

G. The endocrine system

1. Characterize the location, secretions and targets of the major endocrine glands.

2. Examine central nervous system control and the endocrine glands.

V. Maintenance of the Body and of the Species

A. Circulatory system

1. List the major components of the cardiovascular system.

2. Identify major blood elements such as plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.

3. Identify the pericardium and layers of the heart wall, the chambers and valves, electrical excitation by conductive tissue, two major circulatory routes (pulmonary and systemic).

4. Describe coronary and fetal circulation.

5. Compare the histology of arteries and veins.

6. Name the principal arteries of the extremities, body wall, head and neck, visceral organs and the brain.

7. Name the principal veins of the extremities, body wall, head and neck, visceral organs and the brain.

8. Identify lymph vessels, lymph nodes and the major lymphoid organs.

B. Respiratory system

1. List the functions of the respiratory system.

2. Identify the parts of the conducting division and describe their functions.

a. Nose

b. Paranasal sinuses

c. Pharynx

d. Larynx

e. Trachea

f. Bronchial tree

3. Identify the parts of the respiratory division and describe their functions.

a. Alveolar ducts

b. Alveolar sacs

c. Alveoli

4. Describe the lungs, their surfaces and pleurae.

5. Explain the mechanics of breathing.

a. Identify the muscles involved in breathing and their actions.

1) Explain inspiration.

2) Explain expiration.

b. Describe control of respiration.

C. Digestive system

1. List the general functions and activities of the digestive system.

2. Describe the mechanical and chemical aspects of digestion.

3. List the serous membranes and tunics of the gastrointestinal tract.

a. Identify the peritoneum and its reflections.

b. Identify the layers (tunics) of the alimentary canal.

4. List the structures and major functions of the digestive system in the head and neck.

a. Identify the oral cavity.

b. Identify the teeth.

c. Identify the salivary glands.

d. Recognize the pharynx and its parts.

e. Identify the esophagus.

5. List the structures and major functions of the digestive system in the abdomen.

a. Describe the alimentary canal and the layers of its organs.

1) Identify the stomach and its layers.

2) Identify the small intestine and its regions.

3) Identify the large intestine and its regions.

b. Describe the accessory organs and the ducts associated with them.

1) Identify the liver.

2) Identify the gallbladder.

3) Identify the pancreas.

D. Urinary system

1. List the general functions and physiological processes of the urinary system.

2. List the structures of the urinary system.

a. Recognize the kidney and describe its functions.

1) Identify gross features of the kidney.

2) Describe microscopic structures of a nephron.

a) Recognize renal blood vessels.

b) Recognize urinary tubules.

c) Explain micturition.

E. Reproduction system

1. List the functions of the reproductive system.

a. Identify the primary sex organs.

1) Explain gamete production.

2) Identify major sex hormones and site of production.

b. Identify secondary sex organs.

c. List secondary sex characteristics.

2. Recognize male reproductive parts.

a. Describe the structure and function of the testis.

b. Describe the structure and function of the spermatic ducts, accessory glands and penis.

c. Explain the mechanisms of erection, emission and ejaculation.

3. Recognize female reproductive parts.

a. Describe the structure and function of the ovaries.

b. Describe the structure and function of the uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and vulva.

c. Explain the mechanisms of erection and orgasm.

d. Describe mammary gland anatomy.

4. List the homologies between male and female reproductive structures.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Body Organization.

A. Define anatomy and physiology.

B. Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology.

C. List the characteristics of life.

D. List the factors required for maintenance of life.

E. Use accepted anatomical terminology to describe body positions, sections, and regions.

F. Locate major body cavities.

G. Identify membranes.

H. Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

I. Identify vital signs.

J. Define homeostasis and summarize its significance.

K. Describe the systemic approach of study of the human body and organize the body in this format.

II. Cytology

A. Identify the human cell.

B. Identify the structures of the human cell.

C. List the functions of principle cell structures.

D. Summarize the Cell Theory.

E. Explain physiological movements through cell membranes.

F. Identify the stages of cell division in human cells.

G. Demonstrate proper staining of a human cell.

H. Identify prepared cells upon presentation.

I. Define common cytological terms.

III. Histology

A. Identify human tissues types upon presentation.

B. Categorize human tissues.

C. Describe the functions of each tissue type.

D. List locations of tissue types in the body.

E. Explain how glands are classified.

F. Define common histological terms.

IV. Integumentary System

A. List functions of the skin.

B. Identify the regions of the skin.

C. Identify organs of the integumentary system upon presentation.

D. List functions of the integumentary organs.

E. Describe factors involved in skin color.

F. Distinguish anomalies and pathologies of skin.

G. Define common dermatological terms.

V. Skeletal System

A. List functions of the skeletal system.

B. Identify bone structures.

C. Classify bones according to their shape.

D. Summarize bone growth and remodeling.

E. Recognize divisions of the skeleton.

F. Identify bones of the skeleton.

G. Identify foramina and processes of bones.

H. Distinguish anomalies and pathologies of bone.

I. Describe the effects of hormones that act on bone.

J. Classify joints based on structure and movement.

K. Identify joints.

L. Distinguish pathologies of joints.

VI. Muscular System

A. List the functions of the muscular system.

B. Identify structures within skeletal muscle.

C. Describe how muscles structure is organized.

D. Identify the muscle organs of the human body upon presentation.

E. Summarize the events of muscular contraction.

F. Explain how energy is supplied to muscle.

G. Summarize muscle fatigue.

H. Explain the effect of oxygen on muscle.

I. Describe how exercise affects skeletal muscle.

J. Identify the three types of muscle.

K. Summarize muscle group function.

L. Define common terms associated with muscle and kinesiology.

M. Distinguish common muscle pathologies.

VII. Nervous System

A. List the functions of the nervous system.

B. Describe how nervous tissue is organized.

C. Identify the types of nerve cells.

D. List functions of nerve cells.

E. Identify structures within nerve cells.

F. Explain how an injured nerve may regenerate.

G. Explain nerve cell potentials.

H. Summarize the events at a synapse.

I. Distinguish between types of post synaptic potentials.

J. List factors that affect post synaptic potentials.

K. List the components of the reflex arc.

L. Summarize the importance of nerve pathway organization.

M. Identify the meninges.

N. Distinguish between CNS and PNS.

O. Identify the organs of the CNS.

P. Identify the major parts of the brain and spinal cord.

Q. List the functions of the organs of the CNS.

R. Distinguish association areas of the cerebral cortex.

S. Distinguish between ANS and SNS.

T. Summarize the functions of the ANS.

U. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

V. Identify the nerves of the PNS.

W.    Distinguish common nervous system pathologies.

X. Identify special senses.

VIII. Endocrine System

A. Identify organs that secrete hormones.

B. Classify glands based on structure.

D. Classify glands based on function.

E. Explain hormone pathways and regulation.

IX. Cardiovascular System

A. Identify the components of blood upon presentation.

B. List the functions of each type of blood cell.

C. Explain control of red blood cell production.

D. List the functions of blood plasma.

E. Summarize blood typing procedures.

F. Summarize the events in coagulation.

G. Identify the structures of the heart.

H. Describe the pathway of blood through the heart chambers.

I. Explain heart contraction.

J. Summarize the events of the conduction system.

K. Identify common physiological tests.

L. Perform vital signs.

M. Identify the types of blood vessels.

N. Locate major arteries and veins of the body.

O. List functions of each type of blood vessel.

P. Distinguish common heart, blood, and vessel anomalies using standard medical reports.

Q. Define terminology used in the medical community relating to cardiovascular care.

X. Digestive System

A. Identify digestive organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. Distinguish between alimentary canal organs and accessory organs.

C. List and explain the functions of the digestive system.

D. List the functions of each digestive organ.

E. Explain how the contents of the alimentary canal are moved.

F. Describe common pathologies of digestive organs.

G. Summarize factors that affect digestion.

XI. Respiratory System

A. Identify respiratory organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. Summarize the events in inspiration and expiration.

C. List and explain the functions of the respiratory system.

E. Define common respiratory ailments.

F. List nonrespiratory air movements.

G. Classify respiratory organs as upper or lower tract.

H. Explain the exchange of gases at the alveolar level.

I. Distinguish common breathing anomalies using standard medical reports.

J. Identify clinical pathologies of the respiratory system.

XII. Urinary System

A. Identify urinary organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. List and explain the functions of the urinary system.

C. Trace the pathway of blood through the kidney.

D. Explain the events of urine formation.

E. Summarize the events of micturition.

F. Identify common anomalies of the urinary system.

XIII. Reproductive System

A. Identify reproductive organs, their regions, and structures upon presentation.

B. List the functions of each reproductive organ.

C. Identify analogous organs of both gender systems.

D. Explain how hormones control sexual characteristics.

E. Trace the complete path of sperm cells.

F. Trace the complete path of an egg through fertilization and pregnancy.

G. Identify common STDs.

H. Lymphatic System.

I. Identify lymphatic organs.

J. List the functions of the lymphatic system.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Identify and Describe the External Anatomy of the Cat, including:
   A. The external surface structures, regions and landmarks.
   B. The fore and hind appendages and their landmarks.

II. Locate by Dissection and Describe the Principal Organs and Organ
Systems of the Cat, including the:   
   A. Prominent muscles of the muscular system
   B. Digestive system
   C. Urogenital system
   D. Circulatory system
   E. Respiratory system
   F. Nervous system

III. Locate by Dissection and Identify the Specific Structures of Selected
Cow Organs, including the:
   A. Kidney.
   B. Heart.
   C. Brain and eye.

IV. Describe the Comparative Anatomy of the Cat, including:
   A. The external anatomy of the cat and the human.
   B. Each of the organs and organ systems of the cat and the human.
   C. Selected organs of the cat and the cow including the kidney, heart,
brain and eye.

V. Demonstrate Effective Dissection Techniques and Procedures Required for
the Gross Study of the Cat, including:
   A. Proper use and handling of equipment.
   B. Dissection techniques to avoid damage to discrete anatomical
structure.
   C. Proper labeling and note taking.
   D. Preservation and display of the dissected animal and its
organs.

Laboratory tests using the actual dissection animals and organs will
be given during the course of the semester.  These exams will be short
answer questions based on organ identification.  Each exam will include
descriptive questions from the objectives given for each outline topic. 

      Tests                  90-100% of grade
      Dissection technique    0- 10% of grade
      Total                     100%   

Grading Scale:
   A = 90% - 100%
   B = 80% -  89%
   C = 70% -  79%
   D = 60% -  69%
   F =  0% -  59%

Computer Literacy Expectations: Students will need basic word processing
and Internet searching skills for the completion of some papers, exercises
and projects.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Evolution

A. Differentiate evolution from the mechanisms by which it occurs.

B. Identify the various mechanisms by which evolution can occur.

C. Predict expected outcomes of the various mechanisms of evolution.

D. Assess whether all evolution is adaptive.

E. Explain why a phylogenetic tree is a testable hypothesis of evolutionary relationships.

F. Identify the various types and sources of data used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees.

G. Interpret phylogenetic trees.

H. Differentiate monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups.

I. Relate taxonomic classification to phylogeny.

II. Prokaryotes and Viruses

A. Assess the taxonomic validity of “Prokaryota” using current phylogenies.

B. Describe methods of reproduction used by these groups.

C. Describe major structures present in each group and relate these to their function.

D. Explain the function and significance of endospores.

E. Discuss ways in which cyanobacteria contribute to nitrogen fixation and explain its ecological importance.

F. Differentiate the major groups of bacteria.

G. Compare and contrast archaeans, bacteria, viroids, viruses and prions.

H. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of bacteria, viroids, viruses and prions.

III. Algal Protistans

A. Assess the taxonomic validity of “algae” using current phylogenies.

B. Differentiate the major groups of algal protistans.

C. Describe major structures present in each group and relate these to their function.

D. Identify the predominant nutritional mode employed by most algae.

E. Discuss the importance of various groups of algae as producers in freshwater and marine ecosystems.

F. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by algae.

G. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of algae.

IV. Protozoan Protistans and Porifera

A. Differentiate the major groups of protozoan protistans.

B. Describe major structures present in protozoans and sponges and relate these to their function.

C. Identify the predominant nutritional mode employed by most protozoan protistans.

D. Compare and contrast structures used for locomotion by protozoan protistans.

E. Explain recent changes to protozoan protistan classification using current phylogenies.

F. Differentiate the major classes of sponges.

G. Compare and contrast the three major canal systems found in sponges.

H. Describe sponge feeding and explain how the structure of the choanocytes facilitates this process.

I. Discuss the phylogenetic controversy surrounding sponges’ relationships to each other and to other animals.

J. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by protozoan protistans and sponges.

K. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of protozoan protistans and sponges.

V. Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Platyzoa

A. Differentiate the classes of cnidarians.

B. Describe major structures present in cnidarians, ctenophores and flatworms and relate these to their function.

C. Relate cnidarians’ structure to their body symmetry and contrast this with structure and body symmetry found in platyhelminths.

D. Explain the function of cnidocytes and relate this to their structure.

E. Differentiate cnidarian polyps and medusae and relate these to the asexual and sexual processes used by members of this phylum.

F. Compare and contrast cnidarians and ctenophores.

G. Discuss the phylogenetic controversy surrounding cnidarians’ and ctenophores’ relationship to each other and to other animals and explain the implications for the evolution of complex organ systems (e.g., the nervous system).

H. Differentiate the classes of flatworms.

I. Explain the importance of certain flatworms as parasites and describe the special structures they use to facilitate this life cycle strategy.

J. Describe the roles of and strategies used to achieve, the asexual and sexual portions of flatworm parasite life cycles.

K. Describe parthenogenesis in rotifers.

L. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of flatworms and discuss the implications for flatworm classification.

M. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of cnidarians and flatworms.

VI. Mollusca and Annelida

A. Differentiate the major classes of molluscs.

B. Describe major structures present in molluscs and annelids and relate these to their function.

C. Differentiate direct and indirect development strategies employed during sexual reproduction in both molluscs and annelids.

D. Compare and contrast open and closed circulatory systems and relate these to animals’ metabolism and activity levels.

E. Identify regions of uncertainty in mollusc phylogeny.

F. Differentiate the traditionally recognized groups of annelids.

G. Analyze the costs and benefits of metamerism.

H. Identify various structures used to achieve respiration in molluscs and annelids and relate these to the animals’ habitats and lifestyles.

I. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of annelids and discuss the implications for annelid classification.

J. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of molluscs and annelids.

VII. Nematoda and Arthropoda

A. Differentiate the three types of coeloms and identify coelom types found in nematodes and arthropods.

B. Describe major structures present in nematodes and arthropods and relate these to their function.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by nematodes and arthropods.

D. Describe ecdysis.

E. Explain the importance of certain nematodes as parasites and describe the special structures they use to facilitate this life cycle strategy.

F. Describe the hosts and strategies parasitic nematodes use to achieve such life cycles.

G. Analyze physical and behavioral characteristics of arthropods hypothesized to contribute to their great abundance and diversity.

H. Differentiate the subphyla and selected classes of arthropods.

I. Differentiate nutritional strategies employed by arthropods.

J. Differentiate direct and indirect development strategies employed during sexual reproduction in insects.

K. Discuss ecdysozoan phylogeny.

L. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of nematodes and arthropods.

VIII. Echinodermata and Chordata

A. Differentiate the major classes of echinoderms.

B. Describe major structures present in echinoderms and chordates and relate these to their function.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by echinoderms and chordates.

D. Discuss the role and importance of the water vascular system in echinoderms.

E. Discuss echinoderm phylogeny.

F. Describe the five chordate synapomorphies.

G. Differentiate the subphyla, superclasses and selected classes of chordates.

H. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of chordates and discuss the implications for chordate classification.

I. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of echinoderms and chordates.

IX. Amphibia and Non-Avian Reptilia

A. Differentiate the orders of amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

B. Describe the major structures present in amphibians and non-avian reptiles and relate these to their function.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

D. Explain paedomorphosis.

E. Explain the roles of various structures found in the amphibian integumentary system.

F. Discuss amphibian phylogeny.

G. Differentiate anapsid, diapsid and synapsid skull architectures.

H. Analyze the costs and benefits of the amniotic egg.

I. Compare and contrast amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

J. Compare and contrast oviparous, ovoviviparous and viviparous strategies employed during sexual reproduction.

K. Explain why tuataras are considered “living fossils.”

L. Assess the taxonomic validity of “Reptilia” using current phylogenies.

M. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of non-avian reptiles and discuss the implications for both “reptilian” and avian classification.

N. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of amphibians and non-avian reptiles.

X. Aves and Mammalia

A. Discuss hypotheses about the origin of birds and mammals using current phylogenies.

B. Differentiate paleognath and neognath birds.

C. Describe the major structures present in birds and mammals and relate these to their functions.

D. Describe various sexual reproduction strategies employed by birds and mammals.

E. Differentiate major types of feathers.

F. Describe the structure of contour feathers.

G. Compare and contrast avian and mammalian circulatory structure and function.

H. Identify modifications to avian morphology to accommodate flight.

I. Differentiate the major orders of mammals.

J. Describe major components of mammalian pelage.

K. Differentiate horns and antlers.

L. Compare and contrast major types of glands found in mammals.

M. Describe nutritional strategies employed by various groups of mammals and relate these to dentition.

N. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of birds and mammals.

XI. Fungi and Bryophytes

A. Describe the major structures present in fungi and bryophytes and relate these to their functions.

B. Differentiate major groups of fungi.

C. Describe various asexual and sexual reproduction strategies employed by fungi.

D. Relate fungal hyphae to the mycelium and mushroom.

E. Compare and contrast specialized structures employed during sexual reproduction by major fungal groups.

F. Analyze the importance of the role of each partner in a lichen and in a mycorrhiza.

G. Identify monophyletic and paraphyletic subgroups of fungi and discuss the implications for fungal classification.

H. Explain the generalized alternation of generations life cycle.

I. Assess the taxonomic validity of “bryophytes” using current phylogenies.

J. Differentiate the phyla of bryophytes.

K. Compare and contrast specialized structures employed during alternation of generations in different bryophyte phyla.

L. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of fungi and bryophytes.

XII. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms

A. Assess the taxonomic validity of “pteridophytes” and “gymnosperms” using current phylogenies.

B. Describe the major structures present in pteridophytes and gymnosperms and relate these to their functions.

C. Compare and contrast specialized structures employed during alternation of generations in different pteridophyte and gymnosperm phyla.

D. Differentiate the phyla of pteridophytes.

E. Differentiate homospory and heterospory.

F. Differentiate the phyla of gymnosperms.

G. Explain the evolutionary significance of seeds.

H. Describe the three major components of seeds.

I. Analyze the costs and benefits of dispersal via spores versus seeds.

J. Identify gymnosperm structures that allowed them to be successful in drier habitats.

K. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

XIII. Angiosperms

A. Differentiate major groups of angiosperms.

B. Describe major specialized structures employed during alternation of generations in angiosperms and relate these to their functions.

C. Relate floral characteristics to method of pollination.

D. Differentiate major fruit types.

E. Relate fruit characteristics to method of dispersal.

F. Describe seed germination.

G. Explain the adaptive significance of seed dormancy.

H. Describe the three primary tissue systems.

I. Describe the major structures present in roots, stems and leaves of angiosperms and relate these to their functions.

J. Analyze the adaptive significance of specialized roots, stems and leaves.

K. Analyze the costs and benefits of an evergreen versus a deciduous leaf replacement strategy.

L. Differentiate the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

M. Explain the importance of bark and identify its components.

N. Describe secondary growth in woody stems.

O. Describe current understanding of angiosperm phylogeny and relate it to angiosperm classification.

P. Discuss the ecological, economic and human health impacts of angiosperms.

XIV. Ecology

A. Differentiate biotic and abiotic environmental factors.

B. Differentiate populations, communities and ecosystems.

C. Analyze trophic structure within a given community using appropriate terminology.

D. Describe major chemical cycles.

E. Compare and contrast major interspecific interactions.

F. Differentiate primary and secondary succession.

G. Describe the major terrestrial biomes using both biotic and abiotic characteristics.

H. Evaluate the importance of maintaining biodiversity.

XV. Laboratory Skills

A. Document detailed observations of organisms from the microscopic to the macroscopic and ecological levels.

B. Demonstrate proper use of microscopes.

C. Apply quantitative measurement skills incorporating the metric system.

D. Interpret and communicate data using appropriate analytical and statistical skills.

E. Identify unknown organisms using credible sources.

F. Relate structures across varied delivery methods (e.g., models, microscope slides, specimens, etc.).

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Foundations of Biotechnology

A. Define biotechnology with examples.

B. Develop a timeline of important discoveries in biotechnology.

C. Describe the key experiments that led to important discoveries.

1. Germ theory

2. Antibiotic production

3. Structure of DNA

4. Restriction enzymes and ligases

5. Recombinant insulin

6. Polymerase Chain Reaction

7. Genetically modified plants

8. Human Genome Project

9. CRISPR cloning

II. Career Development in Biotechnology

A. Describe the current regional workforce in biotechnology.

1. Research job openings

2. Describe skills needed

B. Develop a portfolio of biotechnology experience.

1. Create a resume

2. Document biotechnology skills

3. Personal statement creation

III. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

A. Appropriately use an SOP.

B. Evaluate an SOP for elements of clarity, safety and documentation.

C. Write an SOP for a biotechnology procedure.

IV. Reagents and Solutions

A. Measure reagents accurately.

B. Create appropriate solutions for laboratory work.

C. Create stock solutions and appropriate dilutions.

V. Quantitative Skills for Biotechnology

A. Calculate reagents needed for solutions.

B. Determine purity of nucleic acids and proteins.

C. Evaluate the values of calibration tests.

VI. Quality Control

A. Select appropriate assays to measure quality of a solution.

B. Perform protocols to determine quality of a solution.

C. Evaluate the results of quality tests.

VII. Culture of Cells

A. Prepare sterile media.

B. Culture prokaryotic cells aseptically.

C. Evaluate purity of prokaryotic cell culture with streak plating.

D.  Culture  eukaryotic cells aseptically.

E. Evaluate sources of contamination in cell culture.

VIII. Identifying Genetic Elements

A. Design of primers for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

B. Optimize conditions for PCR.

C. Set up sequencing reactions.

D. Explain sequencing chemistry.

E. Evaluate sequencing results.

IX. Biotechnology Product Production

A. Design a project to produce a protein.

B. Produce protein using cell culture.

C. Purify protein product.

D. Evaluate purity of protein product.

X. Instrumentation

A. Use instrumentation in the biotechnology lab safely.

1. Spectrophotometer

2. Laminar flow hoods

3. Thermocycler

4. Electrophoresis equipment

5. Incubators

6. Bioreactor

B. Maintain and clean instrumentation in the biotechnology laboratory.

1. Spectrophotometer

2. Laminar flow hoods

3. Thermocycler

4. Electrophoresis equipment

5. Incubators

6. Bioreactor

XI.  Biotechnology Communication

A. Present a biotechnology project to an audience.

B. Assist participants in completing an SOP related to biotechnology.

C. Communicate skills needed in biotechnology.

D. Communicate the role of biotechnology in medicine.

XII. Ethical Implications of Biotechnology

A. Discuss the ethical considerations in biotechnology.

B. Describe multiple points of view to ethical issues in biotechnology.

C. Locate resources that discuss the ethics of biotechnology use.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction to Genetics
   A. Identify important people and events in the history of genetics.
   B. Define the main areas of genetics such as molecular genetics, transmission genetics and population genetics.
II. Cellular Basis of Structure and Growth
   A. Compare Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells.
   B. Review reproductive and development processes.
      1. Compare the processes and significance of mitosis and meiosis.
      2. Define development: growth and differentiation.
III. Mendelian Genetics: Basic Principles of Inheritance
   A. Discuss Mendel's research on pea plants.
      1. Solve problems involving dominant and recessive traits using Punnett Squares.
      2. Apply Mendel's Laws of Dominance, Segregation and Independent Assortment.
   B. Apply basic probability concepts to solve genetics problems.
   C. Solve problems involving multiple alleles to include human blood groups.
   D. Solve problems involving polygenic inheritance.
   E. Calculate gene frequencies using the Hardy-Weinberg Law.
IV. Human Genetics
   A. Analyze pedigree diagrams.
      1. Recognize pedigree symbols.
      2. Calculate simple probabilities related to pedigree analysis.
      3. Analyze autosomal pedigrees of recessive inheritance.
      4. Analyze autsomal pedigrees of dominant inheritance.
      5. Analyze pedigree of sex-linked traits.
   B. Describe the outcomes of genetic counseling.
   C. Use online and library resources related to human genetics.
V. Human Sexuality
   A. Review the female reproductive system and make reproductive systems.
   B. Compare spermatogenesis in the male with oogenesis in the female.
   C. Compare development of male and female genotypes.
   D. Describe genetic sexual disorders, including:
      1. Single gene disorders, such as pseudohermaphroditism and testicular pominization and chromosomal disorders, such as
         a. Turner's Syndrome
         b. Klinefelter's Syndrome
         c. XYY Males
VI. Reproductive Technologies and Choices
   A. Describe birth technologies, such as:
      1. Artificial insemination
      2. Surrogate motherhood
      3. In-Vitro fertilization
   B. Describe prenatal diagnosis, including:
      1. Amniocentesis
      2. Chorionic Villus sampling
   C. Compare different bioethical considerations related to new reproductive technologies and choices.
VII. Informational Macromolecules
   A. Review the chemistry of amino acids, proteins and enzymes.
   B. Describe and discuss DNA, and the following functions of genetic material:
      1. Transformation
      2. Transduction
      3. Structure and replication of DNA
   C. Describe RNA and protein synthesis to include:
      1. Messenger and Transfer RNA
      2. Protein synthesis
   D. Illustrate the basic mechanisms of gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
VIII. Variation
   A. Discuss examples of genetic variation, including:
      1. Dominance and recessiveness (Phenylketonuria)
      2. Expressivity (Diabetes)
      3. Penetrance (Polydactyly)
      4. Delayed Onset (Huntington's Chorea)
      5. Co-Dominance (Human Blood Groups)
      6. Epistasis (Congenital Deafness)
   B. Discuss examples of variation caused by environment.
IX. Mutations
   A. Describe different chromosomal mutations, including:
      1. Deletions
      2. Duplications
      3. Inversions
      4. Translocations
      5. Downs Syndrome
   B. Describe types of gene mutations, including:
      1. Point mutations
      2. Frameshift mutations
      3. Spontaneous mutations
      4. Causes of mutations
   C. Discuss the genetic basis of many cancers including the role of:
      1. Oncogenes
      2. Tumor suppressor genes
      3. Chemical mutagens/carcinogens
      4. Radiation and other environmental factors
X. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
   A. Describe the main application areas of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture and other areas of society.
   B. Describe basic techniques used in recombinant DNA.
   C. Explain the basic principles behind the technologies involved in gene amplification and sequencing.
   D. Discuss ethical considerations of new technologies.
XI. Laboratory and Research Skills
   A. Demonstrate familiarity with the use of online biotechnology resources.
   B. Identify basic modes of Mendelian inheritance in selected species.
   C. Demonstrate basic techniques for staining and studying chromosomes.
   D. Use appropriate statistical and quantitative techniques such as chi-square
      tests in hypothesis testing.
   E. Demonstrate principles and proper techniques associated with modern genetic tools such as electrophoresis, and DNA amplification.
   F. Critically interpret information obtained using modern genetic techniques.
   G. Demonstrate elementary techniques associated with the use of key experimental organisms in modern genetic analysis and biotechnology such as bacteria, yeast and Drosophila.
   H. Use appropriate laboratory safety skills and sterile technique.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Molecular physiology

A. List and describe different classes of biological molecules.

1. Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar molecules and give examples of each.

2. Compare and contrast inorganic and organic molecules and give examples of each.

3. Define electrolytes, salts, acids, bases, and describe the pH scale.

4. Describe the following classes of organic molecules and give examples of each: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

5. Describe the structure and function of enzymes.

a. List factors that can alter enzyme function.

b. Define denaturation and describe the conditions that can cause it.

B. Describe the relationship between DNA and proteins.

1. Genetic information

a. Describe the elements of DNA and RNA.

b. Explain the meaning of the genetic code and describe its source.

2. Protein synthesis

a. Describe in detail processes and locations of transcription and translation.

b. List the factors that regulate protein synthesis in human cells.

C. Describe how cells acquire, store, transform, and use energy.

1. Describe the properties of ATP.

a. Describe how ATP is used to store and transfer chemical energy.

2. Overview of cellular respiration

a. Describe the processes of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways.

b. Describe carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism.

D. Describe the movement of molecules across cell membranes (in relation to homeostasis).

1. Structure and function of the cell membrane

a. Describe the structure of the cell membrane and list its components.

b. Explain the how each of the cell membrane components contribute to its function.

2. Transport through the cell membrane.

a. Compare and contrast passive transport processes and active transport processes. Give examples of each.

b. Define diffusion.

1) Describe Fick’s Law of Diffusion.

2) Describe the electrochemical gradient.

3) Compare and contrast simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

c. Explain the concept of mediated transport.

1) Compare and contrast channel-mediate transport and carrier-mediate transport.

2) Compare and contrast primary active transport and secondary active transport.

3) Compare and contrast primary active transport and facilitated diffusion.

d. Define osmosis.

1) Define osmolarity.

2) Describe the difference between penetrating solutes and nonpenetrating solutes and give examples of each.

3) Explain the meaning of solution tonicity and make predictions on changes in cellular volume using information regarding osmolarity and solute type.

e. Bulk transport

1) Define exocytosis and give examples.

2) Define endocytosis, list the three types of endocytosis, and give examples of each.

E. Define homeostasis and describe its importance to living systems.

1. List and describe the components of a homeostatic mechanism.

2. Describe different types of feedback loops and give examples of each.

3. Describe how the nervous system and endocrine system maintain homeostasis.

II. Body Systems

A. Describe nervous system physiology.

1. Structure of the nervous system

a. Describe the physiological structure of neurons.

2. Membrane potentials

a. Describe the properties of the resting membrane potential.

b. Distinguish between graded potentials and action potentials.

c. Describe nerve impulse transmission.

3. Synapses

a. Describe the functional anatomy of synapses.

b. Describe neurotransmitters, list their different categories, and describe their roles in synaptic transmission.

c. Define an excitatory postsynaptic potential and describe how it is created.

d. Define an inhibitory postsynaptic potential and describe how it is created.

e. Compare and contrast spatial summation and temporal summation.

f. Explain termination of synaptic transmission.

g. Describe how synaptic transmission is modified by drugs and disease.

4. Receptors and processing of sensory information

a. Describe the different types of receptors for somatic and special senses.

b. Explain how receptors convert physical stimuli into electrical signals.

c. Explain basic characteristics of sensory coding.

5. Describe reflexes and describe their roles in nervous system function.

a. Describe the different components of a reflex arc.

6. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

a. Describe the functions of the ANS.

b. Compare and contrast the somatic nervous system and the ANS.

c. Compare and contrast the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

7. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

B. Describe endocrine system physiology.

1. Describe the functions of the endocrine system.

a. Explain the differences between endocrine glands and exocrine glands.

2. Define the terms hormone, neurohormone, and target cell.

a. Compare and contrast hormones with paracrine and autocrine signals.

1) Define and give examples of eicosanoids.

2) Describe the functions of nitric oxide (NO)

b. Describe the synergistic effects, permissive effects, and antagonistic effects hormones can have on their target cells.

c. Describe down regulation and up regulation of target cell receptors.

3. List the different chemical classes of hormones.

a. Compare and contrast how the different classes of hormones are produced and stored in endocrine cells, released from the endocrine cells, and transported in the blood.

b. Compare and contrast the location of target cell receptors for the different chemical classes of hormones.

c. Compare and contrast target cell responses for the different chemical classes of hormones (STP and genomic effects).

4. Describe the mechanisms that control the secretion of hormones.

a. Define trophic hormones.

5. Explain the anatomical and functional relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and posterior pituitary glands.

a. Describe the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, their control pathways, and their effects on anterior pituitary hormones.

b. Describe the hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, their control pathways, and their primary target cells and effects.

c. Describe the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary, where they are produced, their control pathways, and their primary target cells and effects.

6. Describe the functional anatomy of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands.

a. Describe the hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, their control pathways, and their primary target cells and effects.

b. Describe the hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands, its control pathways, and its primary target cells and effects.

7. Describe the functional anatomy of the adrenal glands.

a. Describe the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, their control pathways, and their primary target cells and effects.

b. Describe the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla, their control pathways, and their primary target cells and effects.

8. Describe the physiological effects of stress.

9. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

C. Describe the physiology of the muscular system.

1. Explain the functional components of the sliding filament theory.

a. Explain the role of AP, ATP, and Ca²⁺ within the sliding filament theory.

b. Understand rigor state, contraction state, and relaxation state in the cross-bridge cycle.

2. List the sources of ATP for muscle contraction.

3. Describe twitch, tetanus, and fatigue theories.

4. Compare and contrast the different types of skeletal muscle fibers.

5. Describe the different behaviors of whole muscle contractions, motor units, lever systems.

6. Compare and contrast the role of Ca²⁺ within skeletal muscles and smooth muscles.

7. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

D. Describe the cardiovascular system physiology.

1. Blood

a. Functionally describe the components of plasma and cellular elements of blood.

b. Explain the process of hematopoiesis and role of erythropoietin, meaning of hematocrit.

c. Explain the process of hemoglobin breakdown and fate of the products.

d. Explain hemostasis: platelet plug formation and coagulation cascade.

e. Describe fibrinolysis and role of plasmin.

f. Describe ABO, Rh blood typing.

1) Describe the role of blood types in transfusion reactions.

2. Heart

a. Describe the function of cardiac cell types: autorhythmic and contractile cells’ action potentials, Ca²⁺ roles, plateau.

b. Explain the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle as it pertains to the Wiggers’ Diagram including valve openings/closings, heart sounds.

c. Explain the electrical events of the cardiac cycle as it pertains to the Wiggers’ Diagram including the electrocardiogram (ECG) waves and importance of ECG as a diagnostic tool.

d. Explain stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR) and relevance to regulation of cardiac output (CO).

e. Explain the effects of ANS on the heart for SV, HR and relevance to CO

3. Integration of cardiovascular function: regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)

a. Describe the functional roles of the blood vessel types

b. Explain the relevance of CO and total peripheral resistance (TPR) to MAP.

c. Homeostatic mechanisms for blood pressure regulation: ANS (baroreceptor reflex) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) (endocrine control).

4. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

E. Describe the physiology of the immune system.

1. Describe the effector cells of the immune system, including all leukocytes.

a. Explain the specialized function of APCs.

2. Compare and contrast the non-specific (innate) response and the specific response.

a. Understand non-specific responses including the following: phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, and complement cascade.

b. Understand specific responses including the following: antibodies, B and T cells, role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), immunity (passive and active).

3. Describe responses to bacterial and viral pathogens and allergic response.

4. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

F. Describe respiratory system physiology.

1. Describe the process of air flow (inspiration and expiration) in terms of Boyle’s law.

a. Explain pulmonary air volumes and capacities as measured by spirometry.

b. Explain the muscles used in quiet (passive) and active inspiration and expiration.

2. Describe the exchange of gases in alveoli, transport in blood, and tissue gas exchange.

3. Explain the relationship between the partial pressure of gas in air and the solubility of gas
in water (blood).

4. Explain lung compliance and elasticity and the role of surfactant.

5. Explain the methods of O₂-transport and CO₂-transport in blood.

a. Explain hemoglobin saturation and the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

b. Describe the effects of pH and Bohr shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.

c. Explain the carbonic anhydrase reaction and its role in CO₂ transport in blood.

6. Explain intrapleural pressure and how it relates to residual air volume.

7. Describe the different regulations of ventilation, with a focus on CO₂.

a. Differentiate the roles of central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors.

b. Explain the effects of hyperventilation and hypoventilation on the regulatory centers for control of ventilation.

8. Explain ventilation and perfusion matching.

a. Explain local control of bronchiole and arteriole diameters based on the paracrine signals of O₂ and CO2 concentrations.

9. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

G. Describe the physiology of the urinary system, and the physiology of water, electrolyte, and acid/base balance.

1. Describe the general functions of the urinary system.

2. Describe the functional anatomy of the nephron.

3. Describe the processes involved with urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

a. Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine.

4. Describe the factors that influence the volume and composition of urine.

a. Define glomerular filtration rate and explain how blood pressure, capsular pressure, and colloid osmotic pressure determine GFR.

1) Explain how the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms affect GFR.

2) Describe the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

3) Describe factors that activate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), the pathway from rennin to angiotensin II, and how angiotensin II affects various tissues.

b. Describe the location and specific transport processes for the reabsorption of water, ions, and organic compounds (glucose, urea, etc.) by the nephron.

c. Describe where in the nephron secretion occurs and give examples.

d. Trace the changes in filtrate osmolarity as it passes through different segments of the nephron.

e. Explain how the nephron loop and vasa recta capillaries affect the osmolarity of the renal medulla and the concentration of urine.

f. Describe the conditions that activate the RAS pathway, cause the release of aldosterone and the effect it has on the nephron.

g. Describe the conditions that cause the release of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) and the effect it has on the nephron.

h. Describe the conditions that cause the release of natriuretic peptide hormones and the effect they have on the nephron.

i. Describe how the kidneys handle hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions to help regulate blood pH.

5. Describe the endocrine activities of the kidney.

a. Describe the role of the kidneys in vitamin D activation.

b. Describe the role of the kidneys in regulating erythropoiesis.

c. Describe how parathyroid hormone (PTH) affects renal handling of calcium and phosphate.

6. Urine, renal clearance, and micturition (urination)

a. Describe the composition of normal urine.

b. Define renal clearance and describe how inulin and creatinine are used to measure GFR.

c. Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the micturition reflex.

d. Describe voluntary control of micturition.

7. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Explain how the kidneys help maintain water, solute, and osmolarity homeostasis in the body.

b. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

H. Describe digestive system physiology and metabolism.

1. Describe the general functions of the digestive system.

a. Explain the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

2. List and describe the organs that compose the alimentary canal.

a. Describe the functional anatomy of each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall.

b. Describe the motility of the alimentary canal.

1) Compare and contrast peristalsis and segmentation.

c. Describe the enteric nervous (ENS) compared to ANS and explain its role in controlling digestive system function.

1) Compare and contrast sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation effects on the digestive system.

3. List and describe the accessory organs of the digestive system.

a. Describe the general functions of the salivary glands.

b. Describe the digestive functions of the liver and gallbladder.

c. Describe the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.

1) Relate the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas to its histology.

4. Physiology of digestion

a. List the enzymes, their sources, their substrates, and their products of chemical digestion.

1) Define zymogen and give examples.

b. Describe the functions, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl).

c. Define emulsification, and explain how and where bile salts facilitate fat digestion.

d. Describe the hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, etc.) that control digestion, their control pathways, and their primary target cells and effects.

e. List where certain nutrients are absorbed by the alimentary canal and explain the specific transport processes involved with each nutrient.

5. Metabolism

a. Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism.

b. Describe how enzymes regulate metabolic pathways.

1) Compare and contrast the terms enzyme, coenzyme, and cofactors.

c. Describe the anabolic and catabolic processes of carbohydrate metabolism.

d. Describe the anabolic and catabolic processes of fat metabolism.

e. Describe the anabolic and catabolic processes of protein metabolism.

f. Compare and contrast carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in the fed (absorptive) and fasted (post-absorptive) states.

g. Describe the effects of hormones (insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormones) on the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

h. Describe the processes of thermoregulation and energy balance.

6. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

I. Describe reproductive system physiology

1. Describe sex determination.

2. Describe gametogenesis.

a. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.

3. Male reproductive physiology

a. Describe the processes of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

b. Explain the hormonal control of male reproductive functions.

4. Female reproductive physiology

a. Describe the processes of oogenesis and folliculogenesis.

b. Describe the stages and endocrine regulation of the ovarian cycle.

c. Describe the stages and endocrine regulation of the uterine cycle.

d. Describe the correlation between the uterine and ovarian cycles.

5. Describe the processes of conception, pregnancy, and parturition.

6. Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation.

7. Application of homeostatic mechanisms

a. Make predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. The Human Body
   A. Tissue Types
      1. List the major four types of tissues found in the human body.
      2. Explain the functions of each of these tissues.
   B. Cell Physiology
      1. Explain the basic physiological processes that take place in the
cells, such as metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell division.
      2. List the steps for each of the above processes.
      3. Give examples of abnormalities that may occur during the course
of these processes and explain how these abnormalities may contribute to
the development of certain diseases.
   C. Body Fluids
      1. List the different body fluid compartments and explain their
relationship to each other. 
      2. Explain how changes in these compartment contribute to changes in
the whole body.
      3. Give examples of diseases caused by such changes.
   D. Organ Systems
      1. Identify the different organs and their relationship the systems
of the body.
      2. Explain how a single organ may have more than one function and
how organ systems work together to express the synergistic nature of the
human body.

II. The History of Medicine
   A. Describe the contributions of major civilizations throughout history
to medicine, including Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Chinese
contributions.
   B. Describe the major scientists who contributed to the development of
medicine preceding the twentieth century. 
   C. Describe the most recent major contributions to medicine, including
molecular biology, genetic engineering, and the use of technology.

III. Classifications of Disease
   A. List the major categories of disease, including hereditary, 
congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic physical, chemical, infectious,
inflammatory, vascular, metabolic, nutritional, psychologic, idiopathic,
and tumors.
   B. Give example of specific disease for each of the above categories. 
   C. Describe the physiological basis of each disease.
   D. Describe the methods of diagnosis and treatment of each disease.

IV. Disease Processes
   A. Disturbances of Blood Flow and Derangement of Body Fluids
      1. Describe the forces involved in the normal fluid exchange between
the different compartments of the body.
      2. Describe the basic principles of edema and list the blood and
fluid abnormalities that lead to edema.
      3. List some blood and fluid disturbances, including hemorrhage,
thrombosis, embolism, ischemia, and hypertension.
      4. List the pathophysiological causes of the above disturbances and
explain their effect on the normal function of the body, including
dehydration, shock and acid-base balance.
   B. Inflammation and Repair
      1. Explain the general principles of inflammation and list the steps
of  its development.
      2. Describe the cellular and humoral responses to injury.
      3. Describe the systemic defense mechanisms, including fever,
leukocytosis, and pain.
      4. Describe the usual results and complications of inflammation and
distinguish between acute and chronic inflammation.
      5. List the normal steps of healing and repair.
      6. Explain the principal steps of inflammation management.
   C. Immune Functions and Disorders
      1. List the cells involved in immune response and describe their
activities.
      2. Describe the chemical nature of antibodies and explain the steps
of their synthesis.
      3. Explain the phenomenon of antibody-antigen reaction and describe
its contributions to the body's defense mechanism.
      4. Explain the meaning of some terms related to the immune system
and its disorders, including cytokines, immunity, hypersensitivity.
      5. Describe the four types of hypersensitivity reactions, including
anaphylaxis, cytotoxic, immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity, and
cell-mediated reactions.
      6. Explain the difference between inherited and acquired forms of
immunodeficiency, and give specific examples for each form.
      7. Explain the general principles of autoimmune disorders and give
example of specific diseases classified under this category. 
   D. Infectious Diseases
      1. Describe the basic pathophysiology of microbial infection and
disease, including bacterial, viral, fungal parasitic, and neoplasia
infections.
      2. Give examples and statistics of incidence for each of the above
infections.
      3. Describe the method of diagnosis and treatment of infectious
diseases.
   E. Inherited Disease
      1. Define the meaning of heredity and inherited disease.
      2. Give examples of inherited diseases and list their causes.
      3. Describe the methods involved in the diagnosis and treatment of
inherited diseases.

V. Organs (Systems) and Their Diseases
   A. List some diseases related to specific organs and/or systems,
including circulation, respiration, digestion, liver and gall bladder,
pancreas, kidney, reproduction organs, endocrine glands, blood and
lymphatics, nervous system, musculoskeletal system.
   B. Explain the physiological disorders involved in developing these
diseases.
   C. Describe the methods of diagnosis and treatment of the above
diseases.

Assignments     10% of grade
Unit exams      60% of grade
Final Exam      30% of grade
               100%
 
Grading Scale:
   A = 90% - 100%
   B = 80% -  89%
   C = 70% -  79%
   D = 60% -  69%
   F = 59% or less

Content Outline and Competencies:

I.  The Impact of Microorganisms in Health, Environment, and Industry

A. Examine the relationships between human (eukaryotic) cells and (prokaryotic) bacteria.

B. Compare and contrast normal flora and pathogenic bacteria.

C. Explain ways that microorganisms and recombinant DNA can be utilized in medicine, research and/or industry

II. The Basic Anatomy of Microbes and Their Physiological Needs

A. List characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

B. Distinguish between the different types of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protista, helminths).

C. Describe the structure and function of bacteria cellular components.

1. Cell wall

2. Plasma membrane

3. Capsules

4. Pili and Flagella

5. Genome and Plasmids

6. Ribosomes

7. Inclusion granules

8. Endospores

9. Mycolic Acid

D. List major classes of viral genomes.

III. The Structures of Microorganisms and Their Susceptibility to Antibiotics

A. Describe the structure and functions of organic biomolecules that make up microorganisms.  

B. Apply characteristics of organic molecules to the cellular structures they create.

C. List the cellular targets for antibiotic therapy.

D. Determine important factors to consider when using antibiotic therapy.

E. List the major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.

F. Examine the causes of drug resistance and how to counteract it.

G. Identify targets for other types of antimicrobials (anti-virals, anti-fungals, etc.).

H. Compare the challenges of antibiotic therapy with other types of antimicrobial therapy.

IV. Methods of Controlling Microbial Growth 

A. Distinguish between sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis and sanitation.

B. Explain various methods of microbial removal. 

C. Compare and contrast methods of counting microbial growth.

D. Describe factors that influence bacterial growth phases.

V. The Processes of Replication, Transcription, Translation in Microbes and Ways of Acquiring New Genetic Information

A. Diagram the Central Dogma of Biology.

B. Explain the process of prokaryotic transcription and translation.

C. Describe the structure and function of DNA and RNA.

D. List the steps of prokaryotic DNA replication and the primary enzymes involved in each step.

E. Compare horizontal and vertical gene transfer.

F. Describe the structure and function of a bacterial operon.

G. Examine different types of bacterial operons and how they control gene expression.

H. List the steps of viral replication.

I. Compare the outcomes of the lytic cycle and lysogenic cycles.

VI. Major Types of Metabolic Processes in Microorganisms

A. Define the terms monomer and polymer as they apply to organic molecules.

B. Describe the function of bacterial enzymes.

C. List factors that affect the rate of enzyme catalysis.

D. Recognize common bacterial metabolic pathways and their products.

VII. Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenicity

A. Cite examples of strategies that different bacteria use to survive in a host.

B. Relate bacterial virulence factors to their preferred portals of entry and infection sites. 

C. List cellular targets for bacterial toxins.

D. Differentiate between endotoxins and exotoxins.

E. Identify virulence factors associated with viruses and eukaryotic pathogens.

VIII. Strategies for Identifying and Managing Infectious Disease

A. Compare and contrast light and electron microscopy.

B. Analyze microscope images for information about microbial samples.

C. Propose a method of identification for a pathogen using metabolic tests. 

D. Describe common serological tests and their role in diagnosis.

E. Identify Healthcare Associated Infections and concepts of Epidemiology

​1. Define major terms used to discuss epidemiology.

2. Explain the major links in the chain of healthcare-associated infections.

3. Explain basic methods used to trace and contain epidemics and pandemics.

4. Relate the recent changes in technology and climate to disease outbreaks.

IX. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Vaccines

A. Compare innate and adaptive immunity.

B. List physical and chemical barriers to infection.

C. Connect cells of the innate immune system to their primary functions. 

D. Explain the roles of inflammation, fever, phagocytosis and the complement system. 

E. Explain the maturation process of B-cells and T-cells.

F. Explain the different types of hypersensitivities, their treatments and prevention.

G. Distinguish between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.

H. Describe key features of an autoimmune disease.

I. Explain the key concepts of vaccination.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I.  Aseptic Technique

A. Sterilize and maintain sterility of transfer instruments.

B. Perform aseptic transfer.

C. Obtain microbial samples.

II. Microbiology Lab Safety

A. Use appropriate protective equipment.

B. Comply with safety and emergency procedures.

III. Microscopy

A. Correctly set up and focus images.

B. Properly handle, clean, and store the microscope.

C. Correctly use multiple objective lenses.

D. Record microscopic observations.

E. Measure microorganisms with a calibrated micrometer.

F. Identify medically important parasites using microscopy.

IV. Staining Microbial Samples

A. Clean and dispose of slides.

B. Prepare smears from solid and liquid cultures.

C. Perform wet mount and/or hanging drop preparations.

D. Perform and interpret simple and differential stains.

V. Culturing Microorganisms

A. Isolate colonies and/or plaques.

B. Maintain pure cultures.

C. Use biochemical test media.

D. Accurately record macroscopic observations.

E. Streak for isolation of pure colonies.

VI. Serial Dilution Techniques

A. Correctly choose and use pipettes and pipetting devices.

B. Correctly spread diluted samples for counting.

C. Estimate appropriate dilutions.

D. Extrapolate plate counts to obtain the correct CFU or PFU in the starting sample.

VII. Antibiotic Sensitivity

A. Determine the sensitivities of bacteria to antibiotics.

B. Interpret data from Kirby-Bauer method.

VIII. Microbiology Laboratory Equipment

A. Use the standard metric system for weights, lengths, diameters, and volumes.

B. Light and adjust a laboratory burner and/or bacti-cinerator.

C. Use an incubator.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Biomolecules Form and Function

A. Categorize the carbohydrates: sugars, starches, and fibers.

1. Identify the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides common in nutrition by their chemical structures and major food sources.

2. Summarize carbohydrate digestion and absorption.

3. Explain how the body maintains its blood glucose concentration and what happens when blood glucose rises too high and falls too low.

4. Describe how added sugars can contribute to health problems.

5. Identify the health benefits of, and recommendations for, starches and fibers.

B. Distinguish between the lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

1. Identify the chemistry of fatty acids and triglycerides and differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.

2. Describe the chemistry, food sources and roles of phospholipids and sterols.

3. Summarize fat digestion, absorption, and transport.

4. Explain the major roles of fats in the body, including essential fatty acids and the omega fatty acids.

5. Explain the relationships among saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol and chronic diseases and note recommendations.

6. Explain the relationships between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and health and note recommendations.

C. Describe proteins: amino acids.

1. Recognize the chemical structures of amino acids and proteins.

2. Summarize protein digestion and absorption.

3. Describe how the body makes proteins and uses them to perform various roles.

4. Explain the differences between high quality and low-quality protein, including food sources of each.

5. Identify the health benefits of, and recommendations for, protein.

D. Compare water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.

1. Describe how vitamins differ from the energy nutrients and how fat soluble vitamins differ from water-soluble vitamins.

2. Identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and food sources of each.

3. Explain how antioxidants defend against free radicals that contribute to disease.

E. Contrast the difference between major and trace electrolytes and their effect on water balance.

1. Explain how the body regulates fluid balance.

2. Indicate ways minerals differ from vitamins and other nutrients.

3. Summarize key factors that distinguish major minerals from trace minerals.

4. Identify the main roles, deficiency symptoms, and food sources for each major mineral.

5. Explain factors that contribute to the development of osteoporosis and ways to prevent it.

6. Describe how contaminant minerals disrupt body processes and impair nutrition status.

7. Define phytochemicals and explain how they might defend against chronic disease.

II. Nutrient Recommendations and Diet Planning Tools Used in The United States

A. Describe how various factors influence personal food choices.

1. Genome and nutritional choices

2. Environmental factors affecting diet

B. Define the four categories of the Dietary Reference Index (DRI) and explain their purposes.

C. Interpret how data from each of the diet planning principles can be used to substantiate therapeutic or healthy diets.

D. Compare the information on food labels to make selections that meet specific dietary and health goals.

III. Food Safety and Foodborne Illnesses, Treatment and Prevention

A. Distinguish between foodborne infection and foodborne intoxication.

B. Describe how foodborne illnesses can be transmitted and identify high risk individuals.

C. Describe how the food supply is protected in the United States.

D. Compare the risks and benefits of food additives.

1. Hormones and human growth effects

2. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance

3. Pesticides in both traditionally and organically grown food

E. Explain what constitutes a sustainable food system.

IV. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System and Other Supporting Organ Systems

A. Explain how foods move through the digestive system, describing the actions of the organs, muscles, and digestive secretions along the way.

B. Describe the anatomical details of the intestinal cells that facilitate nutrient absorption.

C. Explain how nutrients are routed in the circulatory systems from the gastrointestinal tract into the body and identify which nutrients enter the blood directly and which must first enter the lymph.

D. Describe how bacteria, hormones, and nerves influence the health and activities of the gastrointestinal tract.

E. Evaluate common clinical gastrointestinal disorders and complications, and their nutritional implications for therapy.

1. Enteral nutrition support

2. Parenteral nutrition support

V. Nutritional Risk Factors in Relation to Chronic Disease

A. Identify several risk factors and explain their relationships to chronic diseases.

B. List the leading nutrition-related causes of death in the United States.

C. Describe how atherosclerosis develops and strategies to lower blood cholesterol levels.

D. Identify strategies to lower blood pressure.

E. Compare the dietary strategies to manage type 1 diabetes with those to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes.

F. Differentiate among cancer initiators, promoters, and anti-promoters and describe how nutrients or foods might play a role in each category.

G. Summarize dietary recommendations to prevent chronic diseases.

VI. Energy Metabolism

A. Identify the nutrients involved in energy metabolism and the high energy compound that captures the energy released during their breakdown.

B. Summarize the main steps in the energy metabolism of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids.

C. Explain how an excess of any of the three energy-yielding nutrients contributes to body fat and how an inadequate intake of any of them shifts metabolism.

D. Describe how alcohol disrupts metabolism and impairs health.

1. Alcohol and liver disease

2. Alcohol and diabetes

3. Alcohol and cognitive function

VII. Energy Balance and Body Composition

A. Describe energy balance and the consequences of not being in balance.

B. Discuss some of the physical, emotional, and environmental influences on food intake.

C. List the components of energy expenditure and factors that might influence each.

D. Distinguish between body weight and body composition, including methods to assess each.

E. Identify relationships between body weight and chronic diseases.

F. Compare the diagnoses, characteristics, and treatments of the diff eating disorders.

1. Surgical interventions

2. Nutritional counseling

VIII. Life Cycle Nutrition During Different Life Stages

A. Describe fetal development from conception to birth and explain how maternal malnutrition can affect critical periods.

B. Explain how being underweight or overweight can interfere with a healthy pregnancy and how weight gain and physical activity can support maternal health and infant growth.

C. Summarize the nutrient needs of women during pregnancy.

D. Identify factors predicting low-risk and high-risk pregnancies and describe ways to manage them.

E. Summarize the nutrient needs of women during lactation.

F. Explain how drinking alcohol endangers the fetus and how women can prevent fetal alcohol syndrome.

G. List some of the components of breast milk, and describe the appropriate foods for infants during the first year of life.

H. Explain how children’s appetites and nutrient needs reflect their stage of growth and why iron deficiency and obesity are often concerns during childhood.

I. Describe some of the challenges in meeting the nutrient needs of adolescents.

J. Describe the role nutrition plays in longevity.

K. Summarize how nutrition interacts with physical, psychological, economic, and social changes involved in aging.

L. Identify how nutrition might contribute to, or prevent, the development of age-related problems associated with vision, arthritis, the brain, and alcohol use.

M. Explain why certain nutrients and medications interact.

N. Discuss feeding challenges that arise with the end of life issues.

Content Outline and Competencies:

I. Introduction
   A. Define key drug terms
   B. Outline the properties of an ideal drug
   C. Review the history of pivotal federal drug acts
II. General Principles of Drug Action
   A. Pharmacokinetics
      1. Describe the absorption process across membranes
      2. List various route of administration
         a. Advantage
         b. Disadvantage
      3. Explain the process of drug distribution
      4. Outline the process and rationale for drug metabolism
         a. Phase I
         b. Phase II
      5. Describe the process by which drugs are excreted
      6. Discuss how drugs with various physical chemical properties are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted
      7. Solve problems using drug variables to predict pharmacologic outcomes
   B. Pharmacodynamics
      1. Diagram the time course of drug response and representive profiles
      2. Define and describe therapeutic drug index and terminology
      3. Interpret dose-response relationships via graded response curves
      4. Define and explain drug-receptor interactions and theories
         a. Agonist
         b. Antagonist
      5. Discuss drug “responses” not involving receptors
      6. List and explain how various factors affecting drug response
III. Physiology and Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System
   A. Outline and define the key structural components of the neuron and synapse
   B. Describe the process involved in neuronal stimuli response
   C. Identify various neurotrasmitters
   D. Outline and define the major divisions of the nervous system
   E. Discuss interdependencies between the nervous system divisions
IV. Cholinergic Agents
   A. Describe the role and scope of the cholinergic nervous system
   B. Define cholinergic receptor subtypes
   C. Define cholinergic terms and give specific examples
   D. List and describe pharmacological properties and uses for nicotinic and muscarinic agonists
   E. List and describe pharmacologic properties and uses for nicotinic and muscarinic antagonists
   F. Summarize various drug class and discuss inter-dependencies
V. Adrenergic Agents
   A. Describe the role and scope of adrenergic nervous system
   B. Define adrenergic receptor subtypes and relationship of molecular size and shape
   C. Define terminology and provide examples
   D. Discuss the importance of adrenergic neurotransmitter biosynthesis
   E. List and describe pharmacological properties and uses for various alpha and beta agonists
   F. List and describe pharmacologic properties and uses alpha and beta antagonists
   G. Summarize drug class and discuss inter-dependencies
VI. Central Nervous System
   A. Review physiology of human brain, structure and function of blood-brain barrier, and CNS neurotransmitters
   B. Identify the cause, symptoms, and drug treatment for Parkinson’s Disease
   C. List and describe of epilepsy and various anti-epileptic drugs
   D. Discuss role of GABA agonists as anti-spasmodic agents
   E. Summarize the theories involved in the manifestation of various psychoses and recommended drug treatments
   F. Outline the theories for management of depression
   G. Discuss the use of depressants (sedative-hypnotics)
   H. Summarize the effect of neurotransmitter imbalances
VII. Opioid Analgesics and Anesthetics
   A. Discuss Opioids: their history, various definitions and terms, and their mechanism of action
   B. Compare and contract various opioid analgesics
   C. Discuss the theories and stages involved in general anesthesia
   D. Describe various general anesthetics and their use
   E. Describe various local anesthetics and their use  
VIII. Alcohol, Stimulants and Drugs of Abuse
   A. Differentiate various types of alcohols
   B. Summarize the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of ethyl alcohol
   C. Explain the drug interaction between ethanol and disulfiram
   D. Explain methanol toxicity
   E. Compare and contrast the methyl exanthines
   F. Identify various stimulants and their recommended use
IX. Drugs for Headaches
   A. Discuss migraine, cluster and tension-type headaches and describe their differences
   B. Describe the pharmacology of ergot alkaloids and sumatriptan
   C. Summarize various drug treatments for headaches
X. Cardiovascular Drugs
   A. Generally describe various approaches in the treatment of hypertension
   B. Describe renal physiology and water reabsorption
   C. Compare various classes of diuretics and their side effects
   D. Discuss direct and indirect vasodilators and their use
   E. Evaluate use of cardiac glycosides for congestive heart failure
   F. List and describe various classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs
   G. Summarize managed care approaches for hypertension and cardiac dysfunction
XI. Respiratory Tract Drugs
   A. Describe the cause and biochemical irritants involved in asthma
   B. Discuss Rhinitus, the role of histamine, and the use of various anti-histamines
XII. Gastrointestinal Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
   A. Discuss the role of histamine in gastric secretion
   B. Describe an additional casual links in peptic ulcer disease
   C. Outline various drug and non-drug treatments for gastric ulcers
XIII. Anti-Inflammatory Agents
   A. Describe of prostaglandins, their stimulatory responses, and nomenclature
   B. List the therapeutic use of prostaglandins
   C. Compare and contrast various NSAIDs
   D. Evaluate various aspirin formulations and pharmacokinetic relationships
   E. Discuss glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory agents
   F. Describe the drug class and its uses
XIV. Anti-Thrombic Drugs
   A. Outline the process of clotting and homeostasis
   B. Describe various anti-coagulants, thrombolytic drugs and antidotes
   C. Summarize the various roles of prostaglandins
XV. Endocrine
   A. Describe the effect of thyroid hormones, clinical manifestations of hormonal imbalance, and specific drug therapies
   B. Discuss Cushing’s Syndrome and Andrenocorticoids
   C. Outline various forms of diabetes and long term complications
   D. Describe the drug treatments for diabetes
XVI. Anti-Antherosclerosis Drugs
   A. Discuss the relationship between lipoproteins and lipid/triglycerides
   B. Compare various drug and non-drug treatments in lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides
   C. Summarize the drug class and various treatments
XVII. Anti-bacterial and Anti-Fungal Drugs
   A. Define various microbiology terms relating to this drug class
   B. Outline bacteria physiology and selective toxicity
   C. Describe anti-bacterial drug classes and resistance
   D. Compare and contrast bacteria and fungus physiology
   E. Discuss various anti-fungal drugs and side effects
   F. Summarize the drug class and descrube selective toxicity
XVIII. Anti-Viral Agents
   A. List and describe components of viral particles and their “Life” cycle
   B. Discuss points for drug intervention in viral replication
   C. Compare various anti-viral drugs and their side effects
   D. Summarize the drug class and describe selective toxicity
XIX. Neoplastic Agents
   A. Describe cellular growth cycle
   B. Discuss the causes of cancer, theories involved, and differentiation between normal and cancerous cells
   C. Illustrate the role of DNA and its components
   D. Compare the various classes of anti-neoplastic agents and side effects.
   E. Summarize the drug class and describe selective toxicity